STUDLAND. 395 



rection into the interior of the promontory. This is shown in 

 fig. 48. 



There is a difficulty in comprehending the exact character 

 of these derangements ; but after considerable observation, I 

 am inclined to think that these faults are occasioned by the 

 action of a protruding mass of the lower chalk, pushed up in 

 an arch-like form from below ; — and that they betoken the 

 localities of the up-heaving process : it seems impossible to 

 account for the curvature, compression, and fractured state of 

 the beds in the middle of a cliff, in any other way. More- 

 over, the vertical and diagonal joints which exist in the ho- 

 rizontal beds, are here made to correspond with the altered 

 condition of those beds. The vertical joints become diago- 

 nal in the sloping beds, being still at right angles to the strata, 

 and the diagonal joints appear to pass into lines of stratifica- 

 tion, which is consonant to theory if we assume, as before ex- 

 plained, that the diagonal joints were the result of that force 

 which produced the Ballard Head fault, and are parallels to 

 it. And if this reasoning be correct, we see that the derange- 

 ments exhibited on the Ballard Head side of the promontory 

 are also traceable all through, and consequently, that the 

 derangements in the plastic clay beds are attributable to the 

 same causes. For the joints also that traverse the beds of the 

 plastic clay at the Red Rock, soon to be mentioned, which 

 dip at about 24° to the northward, are transverse to their di- 

 rection ; furnishing proof of the universality of the forces that 

 have operated on the whole of the district, and which are 

 clearly connected with elevation from below. 



The lines at F, G, H, &c. to N, (fig. 47), represent the ver- 

 tical rents, many of which occur in the short distance of 760 

 paces, x the whole length from E to the end of the chalk. — 

 The beach all the way is strewn with masses of chalk and 

 flints, and plastic clay sand-rock, fallen from the cliffs ; but 

 it is not wide, and there is no evidence whatever in this part, 

 of any ancient elevated beach. 



Towards the point N (fig. 47), the cliff' of chalk becomes 

 much lower, and is covered with a thick capping of plastic 

 clay beds, consisting above of white and yellow sand, and be- 

 low of a brown conglomerate with clay, abounding at the 

 junction in springs, which have brought down vast masses, 

 forming a sort of underclifF, and strewing the shore with frag- 

 ments. 



1 The distance is calculated as one commonly walks along the shore of 

 the sea, — not exactly in a right line ; and the proportion of the paces is as 

 55 to 100 feet. 



