166 Mr. G. Lawson on Cinchonaceom Glands in Galiacese. 



terial by what number of similar parts those two are separated, 

 because the intermediate ])rocesses are analogous to the setse of 

 Sperniacocece, the number of which is variable*. 



Dr. Lindley objects to this line of argument, (1.) that in La~ 

 biaUe and similar orders the apparent leaves are never opposite 

 the angles of the stem, but are always placed between them, and 

 that the number of angles in the stem of vcrticillate plants does 

 not necessarily correspond with the number of their leaves, 

 Dysophylla for example (a Lamiaceous genus) having whorls of 

 ten parts, while the stem has but four angles; that the non-pro- 

 duction of buds in their axils is no proof of bodies not being true 

 leaves, all foliaceous organs, and especially stipules, having that 

 power or not according to circumstances. (2.) That the greater 

 length of two opposite leaves occasionally observed in Asperula 

 IS to be ascribed to their greater development consequent upon 

 their higher functions. (3.) That the argument derived from 

 the occasional connection of the leaves by a membrane loses 

 weight, when it is remembered that in such cases the interme- 

 diate leaves are less like stipules than in those cases where no 

 membrane exists. (4.) That the comparison of the supposed 

 stipules of Galiacea and the setae of Spermacocea is inadmissible, 

 because the former are at all events single simple organs, be 

 they what they may, while the setse of Siieimacocece are the result 

 of the splitting of two parallel-veined stipules, and therefore will 

 necessarily be uncertain in number. 



Dr. Lindley likewise draws attention to the fact, that in Ga- 

 liacece the supposed stipules are always w^hat first disappear in 

 the process of reduction in the number of fohaceous appendages ; 

 but that in Cinchonacea it is in many cases the leaves which are 

 first lost when such a reduction takes place, which is illustrated 

 by the capitate Spermacoces, where the bracts are evidently sti- 

 pules, and especially by S. calyptera, in which the leaves are gra- 

 dually merged in the large membranous cup that subtends the 

 flower, while the stipules suff'er no diminution. 



From these arguments it will be seen that the principal 

 distinction between the orders Cinchonacece and Galiacece de- 

 pends entirely upon the theoretical notion we adopt of their 

 foliaceous organs, and that from whatever point of view they be 

 regarded, the two orders are structurally closely related to each 

 other. 



The observation of the glands now described, in the Galiacece, 

 estabUshes another point of relationship between the orders, the 

 presence of stipular glands in the Cinchonaccce, and especially 

 in the arborescent species, having been hitherto looked upon as 

 a singular feature of their structure, serving to remove them from 



* Vegetable Kingdom, 3rd edit. p. 76^. 



