Mr. G. Lawson on Cinchonaceous Glands in Galiaccse. 167 



the herbaceous RubiacecB of cold countries. It appears to me 

 that these glands may likewise be instrumental in throwing 

 light on the nature of the foliaceous organs of GaliacecBf as well 

 as on the morphology of those of Cinchunacece. 



In Cincfwnaceae the glands are invariably confined to the 

 stipule; and, on observing their occurrence in Galiacea, it at 

 once occurred to me that if a portion of the foliaceous organs of 

 GaliacecB were in reality leaves and the others stipules, then we 

 had here a key whereby to determine what were leaves and what 

 stipules. With the view of doing so, I have carefully examined the 

 position of the glands of all the Galiace<2 within my reach ; and, 

 although I came to the subject with a prepossession in favour of 

 the view of DeCandoUe, I have been quite unable to find any 

 indication, by the arrangement of the glands, of two kinds of 

 foliaceous organs in these plants. In GaliacecB the stipules 

 occur at the base of the foliaceous organs ; they are not limited 

 to a certain number in each whorl, but occur in all, being equally 

 present in those opposite " leaves '^ which bear branches in their 

 axils, as in those so-called " stipules " that are barren, although 

 more abundant in the latter. 



In the Cinchonacece I have said that the glands constantly 

 occupy the base of the stipule, and are in no case found on a 

 leaf or petiole. Here then the presence of these glands is a cer- 

 tain indication of the stipulary nature of the organ on which 

 they occur, no dubiety whatever having hitherto been expressed 

 respecting the nature of the usual foliaceous organs of Cincho- 

 nace<2, I am not sure in how far we are warranted in applying 

 this fact to the case of GaliacecB ; but where all other characters 

 have failed, it is not to be entirely overlooked. If then we fol- 

 low the rule which obtains in CinchonacecBj that stipules are 

 bodies furnished with glands at their base, we shall come to a 

 conclusion differing essentially from all those that have hitherto 

 been brought forward, viz. that Galiacece are leafless plants with 

 whorls of stipules. 



It is worth while to keep in view that this idea, although at 

 first sight sufficiently paradoxical to caution us against its too 

 hasty adoption, is perhaps in reality less liable to objection than 

 either the views of Lindley or of DeCandolle and Bentham. At 

 the same time, even if it were proved to be correct, I do not pre- 

 cisely see in what manner it could help us out of the difficulty. 



In organography, as well as in regard to the disposition of 

 these two natural orders, the subject is one of considerable in- 

 terest in a theoretical point of view. 



In viewing the whole question, it appears to me, even admit- 

 ting (with Lindley) the foliaceous organs of Galiacea to be true 

 leaves, that the character thus established between the two 



