484 Miscellaneous* 



2. ** On a monstrosity of the pistil of Primula vulgaris** by Mr. 

 C. C. Babington. 



3. " On the fructification of Cutleria ; and a continuation of a 

 paper on the Marine Algss of the vicinity of Aberdeen," by Dr. Dickie. 



4. " On some species of the genus (Enanthe," by Mr. John Ball. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



RESEARCHES UPON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE APPENDAGES OF 

 THE ARTICULATA. BY M. BRULLE. 



There are two kinds of transformations or metamorphoses to which 

 the appendages of the Articulata are submitted, — the one real, the 

 other representative (figurees). The real transformations are those 

 which occur at different periods during the existence of an Articulate 

 animal, and which are particularly well-marked in certain classes, 

 where the laws which they follow offer most interesting subjects for 

 investigation. The representative transformations are those which 

 are presented by one and the same appendage of the body when it 

 is regarded throughout the different groups of Articulata. We then 

 see how the leg of one of these animals corresponds to the maxilla, 

 or that again to the mandible of another, &c. This occurs also in 

 the appended parts of certain phanerogamous vegetables, which, as 

 is well known, are transformed through the influence of cultivation 

 in such a manner as either to usurp the place of other structures, or 

 assume a heteromorphous aspect by participating in the characters 

 of two different organs. It results therefore that the appended parts 

 of plants, and also those of the Articulata, are all evidently of equi- 

 valent import, and it is assuredly a remarkable fact, that this con- 

 formity should exist in their respective metamorphoses. 



In tracing the series of developments throughout the appendages 

 of the Articulata, we first of all recognize that the appendages become 

 modified hy the progress of age in the same individual, in a manner cor- 

 responding to that hy which they are modified through the progress of 

 organization in individuals of different species. Thus the legs are the 

 simplest form of appendages, to which succeeds in some cases the 

 more or less complicated structure of the antennae, in others that of 

 the maxillae. But these phaenomena do not cease here. It is to be 

 observed, moreover, that the appendages are manifested at an earlier 

 period of the existence of an Articulate animal the more complex its 

 degree of organization, and vice versa, that they make their appearance 

 the later, the fewer the number of transformations which it has to 

 undergo. The degree of importance, or at least the complication of 

 an appendage, may be therefore judged of by the very period of 

 existence in which it is first developed. 



The structure of appendages furnishes us, besides, with the expla- 

 nation of certain cases of monstrosity, of the kind called " mon- 

 strosities by division." It is seen, for example, how these monstrosities 

 reproduce accidentally, as regards certain appendages which are 

 usually simple, a degree of organization which is the normal con- 



