Botanical Prizes by the Apothecaries' Society. 673 



14. What is the usual direction of the seed with respect to the pericarp, 



and of the embryo with respect to the seed ? 



15. What are the various modes of dehiscence ? 



16. What are the laws which influence the directions taken by the 



organs of plants ? 



17. Give the essential characters of the primary divisions of plants 



according to the natural system. 



18. What nearly allied natural orders are distinguished from each 



other, — 



1. By the presence or absence of dots on the leaves ? 



2. By the number of ribs in their leaves ? 



3. By the presence or absence of stipules ? 



4. By the number of cells in the anther ? 



5. By the outward or inward direction of their anthers ? 



6. By the stamens being opposite to or alternate with the petals ? 



19. What natural orders furnish plants possessing the following pro- 

 perties ? 



1. Cathartic. 



2. Emetic. 



3. Astringent. 



4. Bitter. 



5. Acrid. 



20. Give the distinctions between the following natural orders : 



1. Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, and Nymphaeaceae. 



2. Magnoliaceae and Winteraceae. 



3. Umbellaceae and Araliaceae. 



4. Vitaceae and Pittosporaceae. 



5. Melastomaceae and Myrtacese. 



6. Cruciaceae and Capparidaceae. 



7. Silenaceae and Alsinaceae. 



8. Rosaceae and Leguminaceae. 



9. Amyridaceae and Anacardiaceae. 



10. Cupulaceae and Betulaceae. 



11. Elaeagnaceae and Thymelaceee. 



12. Proteaceae and its nearly allied orders. 



13. Lauracese and Illigeraceae. 



14. Chenopodiaceae, Phytolaccaceae, and Polygonaceae. 



15. Lobeliacere and Campanulaceae. 



16. Dipsaceae and Valerianaceae. 



17. Labiacese and its nearly allied orders. 



18. Apoc} r nacesb and Asclepiaceae. 



19. Cycadaceae and Conaceae. 



20. Zmgiberaceae, Marantaceae, and Musaceae. 



21. Describe fully the plants numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; state the natural 

 orders to which they respectively belong, and their probable sen- 

 sible properties. 



The following are the plants, which were given to the candidates 

 un-named. 



Sonchus arvensis. Corydalis lutea. Ballota nigra. Rhamnus 

 cathorticus. Mercurialis annua. 



