OF WASHINGTON. 101 



Bonnet (Charles). 1720-1793. A celebrated philosopher and naturalist of 

 Geneva and author of " T'raite' d 1 Insectologic ou observations sur les 

 Pticerons" 2 vols., Paris, 1745, and many other works. 



Scopolt (Jean Antoine). 1723-1788. Physician in Idria ; later professor 

 of chemistry and botany in Pavia. Chief work: "Entomologia Car- 

 niolica" etc., 1/63. 111.) 



Geoffrey (Etienne Louis). 1727-1810. Physician, Paris. Author of 

 "Histoire abregee des insectes" etc. rst edit. 1762; last 1799. 



The noteworthy events of this period are the establishment of a 

 binomial system of nomenclature by Linne in lieu of the old cum 

 bersome descriptive clauses and the fixed definitions of genera 

 and species by Linne, Schaeffer, DeGeer, Bonnet, Scopoli, and 

 Clerck. 



In this and the later periods, time will not allow me to go 

 much into detail. Linne's system of clasification, however, I 

 will briefly describe on account of the interest which attaches to 

 it in relation to and as an outgrowth of the older systems. His 

 earliest classification of insects in the first edition of his Systema 

 Naturcz (1735) is much inferior to the older systems of Swam- 

 merdam and Ray, as the following statement of his four classes, 

 illustrates : 



Class I. Four wings, of which the two upper are crustaceous 



(Coleoptera and Orthoptera) ............................. Coleoptera. 



Class II. Two or four wings, (Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hy- 



menopt-ra and Diptera) .................................. Angioptera. 



Class III. Four wings of which the two superior are half mem 



branous ......................................................... Hemiptera. 



Class IV. Without wings ............ ..................................... Aptera. 



The successive editions of this work vastly modified and im 

 proved this table, and the form it assumed in the i2th edition 

 (1767), which follows, has since been accepted for most of the 

 orders substantially as he left it. 



f r c .. (Crustaceous, with straight suture ...... Coleoptera, i 



ouperior % 



(Semicrustaceous, incumbent ............. Hemiptera, 2 



\ (Imbricated with scales ...................... Lepidoptera, 3 





c -J 



All ....... 



- ^Unarmed ..... ...Neuroptera. 4 



( Membranous. Anus < f 



(Aculeate ........ Hymenoptera, 5 



2. Halteres in place of posteriors ............................ Diptera, 6 



o. Without either wings or elytra ........................... Aptera, 7 



