286 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



summers. The only important enemy of the olive throughout 

 all this region is the olive fruit fly, already noted in Italy, which, 

 at times, is a very grievous pest, and vastly injures the crop. 

 Nevertheless the olive industry is a profitable one, as shown by 

 the care given the existing plantations, their vast extent, and also 

 the fact that new plantings are constantly being made. The 

 Spanish olive oil, however, has not the reputation of the Italian 

 oil, and as a result much of it is shipped to France and Italy, and 

 there, perhaps, after some slight special treatment, is sent out as 

 Italian oil. Locally it brings about i peseta per pound for the 

 best oil, and the pickled olives bring about the same price per 

 pound ; the peseta, at the present rate of exchange, representing 

 a value of 15 cents. In view of the immense quantities produced 

 this seems a good price. Italian oil, in this country, ranges from 

 40 cents per pound upwards, and our California oil is much 

 dearer. 



The chief citrus districts, which border the east and south 

 coasts, were not visited, but throughout the region traversed were 

 numerous orchards of lemons, oranges, and mandarins, and in 

 all the old gardens and the grounds of the palaces were miscel 

 laneous collections of semi-tropical plants, including many 

 oranges, mandarins, etc. A very careful examination was made 

 of the trees in the gardens of the Alcazar, at Seville, and the 

 grand court of oranges of the mosque of Cordova, the trees in 

 which date from the sixteenth century, and also the gardens of 

 the Alhambra, and, to the writer's amazement, in none of these 

 gardens, many of them neglected and often presenting conditions 

 particularly favorable for scale insects, were there any special in 

 dications of injury, either at the moment of examination or at any 

 previous time, by the common scale pests of these trees. 



WORST INSECTS. 



In referring briefly to the worst insect pests of Europe, only 

 those species which come under personal observation, or about 

 which information was personally gained, will be noted. This 

 section will therefore be a brief one, as it is not proposed to draw 

 on the literature for matter. 



In the portions of Europe where opportunity was had to make 



