OF WASHINGTON. 287 



anything like a thorough acquaintance with the conditions, the 

 grape was the chief fruit crop, and this includes France, northern 

 Italy, and much of Spain. Throughout all this region the grape 

 has three important insect enemies ; all the rest, and there are 

 many, are seldom especially injurious, and are more often inter 

 esting as rarities than as possessing any economic importance. 



The three species in question are the Phylloxera, the Cochylis, 

 and the Pyrale. Owing to the lateness of the season there was 

 little to see of these insects, but many of the entomologists met 

 had something to say of them. 



More need not be said of the Phylloxera than has already been 

 given in the foregoing pages. Their possible importance to grape 

 growers in this country warrants devoting a few words to the 

 other two species. The Cochylis ( Tortrix ambiguella) is the 

 European representative of our grape-berry moth {Eudemis 

 botrana}. The first generation attacks the flowers, and if the 

 blooming season is delayed by cold weather much damage is 

 often done ; the later generations attack the grapes one larva 

 destroying several, and in some seasons the loss amounts to three- 

 fourths of the crop. In the hibernating season only would this 

 insect be apt to be brought to this country, and the habit of this 

 insect during this season greatly diminishes this danger, and per 

 haps accounts for our apparent freedom from it so far. About 

 the end of October the last generation of larvae spin up and trans 

 form to the chrysalis state on the old vines or in cracks of the 

 vine posts, and, wintering there, are little likely to be transported 

 on cuttings or young stock. The remedies are, gathering the 

 fruit early while it still retains the larvaB ; wetting the vines and 

 stalks with hot water, which, to be successful, must be done in 

 October, before the transformation to chrysalis takes place ; and 

 for the first brood, spraying the flowers or fruit only with pyre- 

 thrum and soap solution. 



The Pyrale ( Tortrix pilleriana] is another small Lepidopteron, 

 very destructive in Europe but not known in America perhaps 

 here, again, on account of the hibernating habit not favoring its 

 transportation. In July the eggs, to the number of 60, are de 

 posited in a small mass on the upper surface of the leaves. The 

 larvag hatching in August swing down by a thread against the 

 vine stalks and make a slight burrow and cocoon in the bark, in 



