288 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



which they pass the winter, very much as does our peach-twig 

 borer. In the spring the young larvae emerge, also like the last, 

 and burrow into the young leaf-shoots, and feed on the leaves 

 and young growth and fruit. 



It is against this insect that the winter hot-water bath is most 

 successfully employed, and excellent apparatus are constructed by 

 Vermorel and others for the heating and application of the water. 

 The treatment is on warm days in January or February after 

 pruning, and with the water at a temperature of at least 92 

 Centigrade. In the south of France, about Montpellier, the 

 pruned vines are covered with a zinc vessel and submitted to the 

 fumes of burning sulphur for five to ten minutes. The egg-masses 

 may be collected as a summer procedure. The cost of the water 

 bath is about 17 francs per hectare (2^ acres), and of fumigation 

 about 30 francs. 



I have mentioned these two grape insects particularly because 

 of the great importance of preventing their introduction into the 

 United States. It is, however, true that many of the other grape 

 insects of Europe might act altogether differently over here, and 

 become quite as serious pests as the ones especially mentioned. 



After the vine the fruit of greatest importance in southern Eu 

 rope is the olive, and this, in the writer's experience, presented 

 but one serious insect pest, viz., the fruit fly (Dacus olece). This 

 insect occurred everywhere, often infesting every fruit, and while, 

 in Italy for example, it was asserted that it could be controlled, 

 it was very evident that it was far from being kept in subjection, 

 and it was admitted that very little was attempted in this direc 

 tion on the part of the ordinary grower. In exported olives, for 

 sale in our stores, fruit absolutely free from this pest is rare, and 

 in the cheaper grades frequently every olive will be pierced with 

 the small hole made by the larva of this insect or eaten about the 

 pit. 



The olive fruit fly, as already stated, winters in puparia on or 

 near the surface of the soil, and it is affirmed that deep cultivation 

 between January and May will bury it beyond escape. 



Very fortunately for our California olive growers this insect 

 has also, so far, failed to reach our shores, nor does the likelihood 

 of its introduction seem great. The thing to guard against most 

 zealously is not to bring cuttings with soil from about living trees 

 or plants with soil from infested localities. 



