OF WASHINGTON. 289 



Of the citrus fruits and their enemies in the regions visited, the 

 general results of the examinations made have already been given. 

 Of insects affecting cereal and forage crops, the lateness and the 

 exceptional character of the season prevented any observations 

 being made. This applies also to vegetable and truck crops. 

 Attention may again be called, however, to the insects especially 

 noted in the remarks on Hungary, and the work of some interest 

 ing species which were seen in the laboratory of the Government 

 Entomologist at Budapest. 



CONCLUSIONS. 



In reviewing the foregoing notes one feels a considerable hesi 

 tancy in drawing general conclusions, so hastily was the trip 

 taken and so fragmentary were the observations. The season was 

 also exceptional, and, furthermore, it is a trite fact that insect 

 damage or abundance is subject to extraordinary yearly fluctua 

 tions. With other years, or more normal seasons, the conditions 

 might have been somewhat different ; but, nevertheless, in the 

 main, I believe the conclusions are just, and represent a fair, 

 average condition. 



It is to be borne in mind, however, in the reference to the little 

 need or absence of efforts to control injurious insects, that the 

 grape is always to be excepted, for throughout southern Europe 

 it is subject to more or less careful treatment to protect it from 

 both insect and fungous enemies, and is the one fruit in connec 

 tion with which the European and American meet on the same 

 terms, or with the advantage rather on the side of the latter. 



The fact, often pointed out, that the need of entomological in 

 vestigation, from an economic standpoint, is not felt in Europe 

 to anything like the same degree as in the United States, received 

 notable confirmation in my personal experience, for with the 

 exception of the damage from the olive fruit fly in Italy and Spain, 

 I did not see a single marked case of insect injury during my 

 trip. It is true the season was particularly unfavorable for insect 

 abundance. There was a great deal of rain, and it was unusually 

 cold, and, what is more, the winter set in much earlier than is 

 the rule. The freedom from insect damage was especially note 

 worthy in* the olive orchards from northern Italy southward to 



