104 



C. J. HUMPHRIES 



c 



B 



Fig. 9 Argumentation plan for phylogenetic hypotheses (D plesiomorph, apomorph) Sister- 

 groups are established on the distribution of relatively apomorphous and relatively plesiomorphous 

 characters. Characters 2, 3 and 4 demonstrate autapomorphous changes for the establishment of 

 species A, B and C ; character 1 demonstrates the synapomorphous feature which establishes that 

 B and C share a more recent common ancestry than either do with A. Character 5 demonstrates a 

 three-state transformation series of increasing apomorphy from A to C. A gives the traditional 

 cladogram as used by Hennig, B gives a simplified 'Candelabra' version as used in this work 

 (redrawn from Hennig, 1965). 



derivative group. The aim of this method then is to produce the best, internally consistent hypo- 

 thesis as to the primitive or derivative condition of each character state. The character-state 

 conditions in Anacydus are listed in Table 1, and the distribution of these characters in the species 

 are given in the data matrix in Table 2. 



Table 1 Plesiotypic and apotypic character states employed in Fig. 10 



Character state 

 Character Plesiotypic ( ) Apotypic ( + ) 



Habit 



1 Duration 



2 Stolons 



3 Secondary thickening 



4 Main axis internodes 



perennial/biennial 

 absent 

 present 

 present 



annual 

 present 

 absent 

 absent 



Root system 



5 Basal caudex 



6 Rhizomes 



7 Fibrous roots 



absent 



present 



absent 



present 



absent 



present 



Stems/ inflorescence 



8 Stems 



9 Inflorescence 



10 Syncephalous heads 



11 Central capitulum 



12 Central capitulum 



13 Stems 



14 Corymb laterals 



1 5 Peduncles 



16 Peduncles 



cauline 



branched 



absent 



present 



aerial 



erect with solitary or 



corymbose inflorescences 



from pedunculate bracts 



terete 



unthickened along their length 



acauline or internodes absent 



solitary 



present 



absent 



basal 



reduced to a rosette of creeping 



corymbose laterals 



from involucral bracts 



clavate 



thickened along their length 



