6Z0 .Ti^^-xhRo^allnsiitutioJi :— -iwO .kni 



The brilliant researches of Baron Cuvier, the founder of palseon-"^ 

 tological science and the reconstructor of those primaeval hoofec!*' 

 animils, from fragmentary fossil remains in the gypsum quarries atf!' 

 Montmartre, were alluded to. [^ ' 



Diagrams of the entire skeletons of the Anoplotherium and Palseo-^^ 

 therium were referred to, in illustration of their dental and ostedr--*^ 

 logical peculiarities. ^2 



Whe Jnojplotheriutn, with the typical dentition of 



f ' 3-3 l-l 4-4 3-3 , ,,Z 



incisors , cmiines , iiremolai's , molars =;44](v^V'i 



3-3 l-l 4-4 3~3 rr 



had all its teeth of the same length, and in a continuous unbroken ' 

 series : this character is peculiar to INIan in the existing creation. 

 The PalcBotherium, with the same dental formula as the Anoplo-_^ 

 therium, had the canines longer than the other teeth, and develope(l^j 

 into sharp- pointed weapons ; necessitating a break in the dental serie|.j 

 to receive their summits in closing the mouth. ' 



The Anoplotherium had 1 9 vertebrae between the neck and sacrurp, 

 Tiz. 13 dorsal and G lumbar. The Palseotheriurn had 16 dorsal . 

 and 7 lumbar vertebrse. ' .'. 



The Anoplotherium had a femur with two trochanters, and the fore-;^^ 

 part of the ankle-bone, called ** astragal us," divided into two equal fa- 

 cets. Its hoofs formed a symmetrical pair on each foot. Cuvier has ^erv^ 

 justly inferred that its stomach must have been complex, and proba- 

 bly, in some respects, like that of the Camel or Peccari. The Palgeo- ' 

 therium had a femur with three trochanters, an astragalus wdth its foi"e-, 

 part unequally diiided, and hoofs, three in number, on each foot, ti ' 

 most probably had a simple stomach, like the Tapir and Rhinoceros, 

 which, amongst existing animals, most nearly resemble that extincl .. 

 primitive hoofed quadruped, with toes in uneven number. ., • ^ 



Every species of ungulate mammal with an uneven number of nooTs . 

 or toes, that has been introduced into this planet since the eocene 

 tertiary period, whether it have 1 hoof on each foot, as in the Horse,% . 

 3 as in the Rhinoceros, or 5 as in the Elephant, resembles the Palaeo- , 

 therium in having more than 1 9 dorso-lumbar vertebrae, which ver- ^ 

 tebrae also differ in number in different genera ; e. g. 22 in the \. 

 Rhinoceros, 23 in the Mastodon, 27 in the Hyrax. The typical^ 

 Pachyderms, with an odd number of hoofs, have also three trochan-'^i 

 ters on the femur, the fore-part of the astragalus unequally divided^,. , ^ 

 and the pattern of the grinding surface of the molar teeth unsym- 

 metrical, and usually crossed by oblique enamel-ridges. All the 

 existing odd-toed or perissodactyle mammals have a simple stomach 

 and a vast and complex caecum ; the horned species have either a 

 single horn, or two odd horns, one behind the other on the middle 

 line of the head, as e.g. in the one-horiied and t.wo-|}qrned Rhino- '^ 

 ceroses. '" "' ■ ''■'^'^■" ■•■' ;"^"' | "^^^ 



Every species of ungulate animal with hoofs in even number, 

 whether 2 on each foot, as in the Giraffe and Camel, or 4 on each 

 foot, as in the Hippopotamus, resembles the Anoplotherium in having 

 19 dorso-lumbar vertebrae, neither more nor less ; in having two 



