332 Geological Society. 



about one mile east of Haddington, is a longitudinal moraine mid- 

 way between, and parallel to, the river and the high road ; and 

 Dr. Buckland directs attention to the trap-rocks which commence a 

 little further eastward, and are intersected by the Tyne for four or 

 five miles above Linton, as likely to present scored and striated sur- 

 faces, where the valley is most contracted. Four miles west of 

 Dunbar another long and lofty ridge of gravel stretches along the 

 right bank of the river ; and for three miles to the south-east of Dun- 

 bar extends a series of terraces or modified lateral moraines. In the 

 high valleys at the east extremity of the Lammermuir hills, between 

 Cockburn's Path and Ay ton, moraines dispersed in terraces are also 

 visible at various heights on both sides of the river ; and on the left 

 margin of the estuary of the Tweed, three miles north of Berwick, 

 round tumuli and oblong mounds of gravel are lodged on the slope 

 of a hill 300 or 400 feet above the level of the sea. 



Moraines in Northumberland. — On many parts of the coast of 

 Northumberland, especially near Newcastle, deposits of till rest 

 upon the carboniferous rocks. At the village of North Charlton, 

 between Belford and Alnwick, Mr. C. Trevelyan pointed out to 

 Dr. Buckland in 1821, a tortuous ridge of gravel which was sup- 

 posed to be an inexplicable work of art ; but which he became con- 

 vinced, after an examination in 1838 of the upper glacier of Grin- 

 del wald and that of Rosenlaui, is a lateral moraine. Dr. Buckland 

 was prevented from examining the gorges through which the Burns 

 descend from the eastern extremity of the Cheviots, but he directs 

 attention to them as points where striae and other proofs of glacial 

 action may be found. Immediately below the vomitories of the 

 eastern valleys of the Cheviots, enormous moraines are stated to 

 cover a tract four miles from north to south, and two from west to 

 east ; and the high road to wind among cultivated mounds of them 

 from near Woller, through North and South Middleton, and by 

 West and East Lillburn to Rosedean and Wooperton. On the left 

 bank of the College Burn*, immediately above the bridge at Kirk- 

 newton. Dr. Buckland discovered last autumn a moraine thirty feet" 

 high, stratified near the top to the depth of a few feet, but com- 

 posed chiefly of unstratified gravel, inclosing fragmentary portions 

 of a bed of laminated sand about three feet thick. Some of these 

 fragments were in a vertical position, others were inclined, and the 

 laminae of which they were composed, were, for the greater part, 

 variously contorted. He is of opinion that these detached portions 

 were severed from their original position, moved forward, and con- 

 torted by the pressure of a glacier, which descended the deep trough 

 of the College Burn from the northern summit of the Cheviots. 



Evidence of Glaciers in the mountains of Cumberland and West' 

 moreland. — Proofs of glacial action. Dr. Buckland says, are as abun- 

 dant throughout the lake districts and in the districts in front of the 

 great vomitories through which the waters of the lakes are discharged, 



* For a notice by the late Mr. Cully, of a sudden flood in this district in 

 1830, see Proceedings of the Geological Society, vol. i. p. 149. 



