Dr. W. B. Clarke on the Crag of Suffolk. 207 



may have given rise to the consolidation of the surrounding mass, 

 so as to have prevented disintegration at the time of its removal 

 from its former bed and the act of rolling previous to its sub- 

 sequent deposit in the Crag. 



Many of the nodules found in the Crag appear to have origi- 

 nated in causes similar to those in operation at the present day, 

 where masses of cliff have fallen and broken into fragments of 

 various sizes ; these subsequently, having been rolled along the 

 beach and amongst each other by the action of the waves, have 

 been rounded into the forms they now assume. Clay nodules of 

 similar shape, but in a soft state, are frequent upon the Suffolk 

 and Essex beaches, where the clay cliffs are disintegrating at the 

 present day by the inroads of the sea. 



Fragments of clay bored by Pholades, and wood by Teredines, 

 are found in this Crag deposit. 



Within this formation have been discovered an interesting 

 collection of remains of several species of mammalian and other 

 animals, consisting of flat portions of bones, apparently ribs of 

 large quadrupeds, which subsequently to their fracture have been 

 rounded by attrition at their ends and edges ; with these are 

 found various other bones and teeth of Elephants, Mastodon and 

 Rhinoceros, teeth of Bears, and fragments of the extremities of 

 small quadrupeds, but which are often so much disfigured by 

 fracture and subsequent rolling that it is difficult to identify and 

 associate them with living forms. The antlers of several species 

 of Deer, some of large size, nearly allied to, if not identical with, 

 the Megaceros or " Giant Elk of Ireland :" the tympanic or 

 auditory bones, teeth, and other parts of several species of Whale 

 and Cachalot, amongst which may be mentioned a fragment of 

 considerable interest of the anterior part of the head or nose of 

 a long-nosed Cetacean allied to Macrorhinus, which has been 

 examined by Prof. Owen with much interest. The accompanying 

 figure is a representation of it. 



A. Transverse section of nose of a 

 long-nosed Cetacean from the Red Crag 

 of Suffolk. 



The figure is of the nat. size : a, a, a, is 

 matrix, an arenaceous mass which has 

 been washed into the interior. 



