210 Zoological Society. 



the one terminates and the other begins. Examples of partial re- 

 version of the calyx to the character of the leaf are seen in speci- 

 mens of Trifolium repens, the Polyanthus of the gardens, and in cul- 

 tivated roses. In monstrous specimens we sometimes meet with the 

 petals becoming leafy, of which M. DeCandolle gives a remarkable 

 example in Anemone nemorosa, and the author had not unfrequently 

 seen the same condition occurring in the petals of Papaver Arge- 

 mone. Stamens appear to be formed from petals by the gradual 

 narrowing of their lower part, so as to form the filament, while the 

 anthers develope themselves on the upper margins. The only in- 

 stance with which the author was acquainted where the carpellary 

 leaf is to be found in an expanded or unfolded state naturally occurs 

 in the order Coniferce, where it simply covers but does not inclose 

 the ovules. The carpellary leaf in this condition manifestly ap- 

 proaches a bractea. It was announced that the paper would be con- 

 tinued at the next meeting. 



Mr. Adam White laid before the Society a selection of the plants 

 he found in the beginning of August last, at Whiting Bay, Isle of 

 Arran. He made some observations on the mild climate of the shel- 

 tered coast, where, even during winter, as Dr. M'Naughton, in the 

 • New Statistical Account of Scotland/ writes, " many of the plants 

 of warmer regions stand the whole winter in the open air, as in 

 Mr. Paterson's garden, at the Whitehouse, and in the Duke of 

 Hamilton's at Broderick Castle." He referred to the Rev. David 

 Landsborough's list of the rarer plants found in Arran, and to Pro- 

 fessor Gardner, of Glasgow, having lately found the Funaria Muhlen- 

 bergii in tolerable abundance, when on a trip with Mr. Landsborough. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

 Dec. 14, 1841. — Richard Owen, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. 



The following paper, by Mr. Lovell Reeve, " On Lingula, a genus 

 of Brachiopodous Mollusks," was then read : — 



" The Lingula belong to a group of Bivalve Mollusks differing 

 materially in their system of organization from any other of the 

 great tribe of Acephala. They have received the title of ' the 

 Brachiopoda' on account of their being provided with two long 

 spirally twisted arms, and are distinguished by other not less im- 

 portant particulars. The soft parts are differently arranged within 

 the shell from those of other Bivalves ; the valves are not united by 

 any ligament, and there is a very distinct change in the arrangement 

 and position of the breathing apparatus. Although Pallas has given 

 a short anatomical description of the Terebratulce, it was not until 

 the appearance of Cuvier's memoir on the anatomy of Lingula, that 

 the true characters of these remarkable animals became known ; it 

 was then determined that the Brachiopoda should be set apart in a 

 separate and distinct class. The anatomy of the Terebratulce and 

 Orbicula has since been most elaborately set forth by Prof. Owen in 

 the Transactions of this Society, and agrees in all its essential par- 



