Zoological Society. 221 



distinct tendons, from the five superior tendons of insertion of the 

 preceding muscle ; these origins soon become fleshy, converge, and 

 coalesce previous to their insertion into the base of the skull. 



The Rectus capitis anticus minor is a strong fleshy triangular muscle 

 arising from the anterior part of the body of the first four cervical 

 vertebrae. 



The Rectus capitis lateralis arises from the upper transverse pro- 

 cesses of the sixth to the second cervical vertebra inclusive. 



The Intertransversales are short, ill-defined muscles, blended with 

 aponeurotic processes which pass from one transverse process longi- 

 tudinally to the next in advance. 



C. Muscles of the Tail. 



Levator caudce. — Origin. From the posterior and superior extre- 

 mity of the ischium. Ins. Into the spines of the caudal vertebrae. 



Adductor caudce superior. — This muscle is smaller than the pre- 

 ceding, with which it runs parallel ; it rises below from the posterior 

 extremity or tuber of the ischium, and is inserted into the transverse 

 processes of the caudal vertebrae. 



Adductor caudce inferior. — Origin. From the tuber ischii, and the 

 ligament connecting this with the posterior extremity of the pubis. 

 Ins. Into the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae. 



Depressor caudce. — Origin. From the under part of the middle 

 line of pelvis. Ins. Into the inferior spines of the caudal vertebrae. 



D. Muscles of the Abdomen. 



Obliquus externus abdominis. — Origin. Fleshy, from the second 

 and third ribs, and by a strong aponeurosis from the succeeding 

 ribs near the attachment of the costal processes, and from those pro- 

 cesses. Ins. The fleshy fibres are continued from this aponeurotic 

 origin to nearly opposite the ends of the vertebral ribs ; they run 

 almost transversely, very slightly inclined towards the pubis, to within 

 half an inch of the linea alba, and there terminate, by an almost 

 straight, parallel line, in their aponeurosis of insertion. The fibres 

 of this aponeurosis decussate those of the opposite side, and adhere 

 to the tendinous intersections of the rectus beneath. The aponeu- 

 rosis from the last rib passes to be inserted into a strong ligament 

 extending between the free extremities of the ossa pubis, leaving the 

 abdomen behind the last rib defended only by the internal oblique 

 and transversalis. 



Obliquus internus abdominis. — Origin. From the whole of the an- 

 terior and outer surface of the pubis ; aponeurotic from the upper 

 part, fleshy for half an inch from the lower or ventral extremity : the 

 carneous fibres run longitudinally, and cannot be distinctly defined 

 from the intercostales on their outer border, or from the rectus ab- 

 dominis on their inner or mesial border, which forms the medium of 

 the insertion of the internal oblique. 



Rectus abdominis. — I give this name to the mesial continuation of 

 the preceding muscle, which arises by a strong, flat, triangular ten- 

 don from the lower or ventral extremity of the pubis and from the 

 inter-pubic ligament : it soon becomes fleshy ; the carneous portion 

 is interrupted by three broad, oblique, but distinct aponeurotic inter- 



