Rev. W. A. Leighton on the British Graphidese. 85 



Eschw. 4. Sclerophytorij Eschw. Fries gives Arthonia dendri- 

 tica, Duf., Graphis, Ach., as his type, but the structure in au- 

 thentic specimens in herb. Borrer. of Graphis dendriiica is veiy 

 different from Eschweilcr^s figure. 5. Ustalia = Pyrochroa, 

 Eschw., type Graphis caribeea, Ach. 6. Coniangium, types Ar- 

 thonia ochracea, Duf., Spiloma auratum, E. Bot. Meyer in his 

 ^ Lichenum Dispositio ^ (1826) does not recognise the genus 

 Opegraphuj but adopts the following : — Graphis = Oxystoma, 

 Scaphis, Lecanactis and Sclerophyton, Eschw., and Fissurina, Fee ; 

 Asterisca, Meyer =■ Sarcograp ha, Fee; Leucogramma, Meyer; and 

 Platygramma, Meyer = the greater part of the species oi Leior- 

 reuma, Diorygma, Pyrochroa, many species of Arthonia, and 

 many of Graphis, Ach. Sprengel in his edition of Linnseus^s 

 * Systema Vegetabilium ^ (1827) has Graphis, Adans., Asterisca, 

 Meyer, and Platygramma, Meyer. 



Wallroth, ' Crypt. Germ.' (1831), includes in the first tribe of 

 his Ordo 2. Lichenes Discocymatii : 1. Arthonia, Ach. = Conio- 

 carpon, DC, Conioloma, DC. and Eschw., and some species of 

 Spiloma and Arthonia, Ach. 2. Graphis, Adans. = Graphis, 

 Adans., Ehrh. & Ach., Opegrapha, Auct., Arthonia, Ach., Tra- 

 chilia. Fries, Gyrophora, Ach., Umbilicaria, Hoffm., and some 

 species of Lecidea, Spreng. Syst. 



Fries (L. Reform. 1831) considers that all the European forms 

 of Graphis, Ach., may be safely referred to Opegrapha, and 

 regards the apparent deviations from it which are occasionally 

 met with as merely approaches to tropical genera, rather than 

 as species of those tropical genera which have, contrary to 

 geographical data, penetrated into these more temperate zones. 

 He therefore rejects Graphis and retains the old name Ope- 

 grapha, " per omnem orbem literatum jam receptissimum 

 Opegrapha nomen, cum sub isto omnes species jam descripta 

 et cognitce sintJ^ He includes therein Opegrapha, Humboldt, 

 Pers. & Auct. ; Opegrapha and some species of Graphis, Ach. 

 L. Univ. ; Opegrapha, Graphis, Scaphis, Eschw. Syst., and some 

 species of Graphis, Meyer. He regards Arthonia, Ach., and 

 Spiloma, Ach., chiefly as abortive forms of Opegrapha. The 

 other genera which he arranges in his Graphidece are Lecanactis^ 

 Eschw., type O. lyncea, T. & B. ; Coniangium, Fries, type Spi- 

 loma paradoxum, Ach., and Coniocarpon, DC, type Spiloma 

 gregarium, Turn. & Borr., — appending Umbilicaria, Hoffm., as a 

 genus intermediate between Lecidince and Graphidece. 



Eschweiler in ^ Mart. Flor. Brasil.' (1833) modifies the views 

 he had taken of the genera in his ' Systema,' and distributes 

 them afresh, thus : — 1. Diorygma — Fissurina, Fee. 2. Graphis, 

 Adans., comprising two sections, I. Eugr aphis = Graphis, Eschw. 

 Syst. ; Graphis, Ach. & Fee in part ; Opegraphce. eimmpentes, 



