238 DR. ADAM ON THE OSTEOLOGICAL RELATIONS 



profile in the Camel is owing to the backward position of the nostrils. In the Gour the 

 fulness of the inion brings the corono-nasal length almost to an equality with the basilar ; 

 so that the lengths of the cranium, beginning with the coronal, which in the Camel are 

 5.7.6, may in the Gour be stated to be 6 . 7 . 6. In general, among the other Bovines, 

 especially the males, the basilar length of the cranium, as in the Camel, is intermediate 

 to the elongation of the muzzle and the recedence of the nasal bones ; the palatal length 

 also reaches nearly two-thirds of the basilar length. 



Continuing the profile : Bovines have no prevailing height of cranium. In the vaulted 

 crania of the Aurochs and the North American Bison the inion is even lower than the 

 nasal bones are over the palate. The inial elevation of the other species may be stated to 

 be one-third more than the palatal. Compared with the lengths of the cranium, the ten- 

 dency of the palatal height in Bovines is to be one-third of the basilar length. While 

 the vaulted crania, as has been already noticed, sink iniad, the crania of Bovines, which 

 are flattened over the palate, rise to an inial elevation of one half the basilar length. In 

 the male Bantiger the inial height is half the corono-nasal length. 



The greatest similarity of wideness in Bovine crania seems to be at the zygomatic arches, 

 where the span of the cranium is exactly, or very nearly, half the basilar length. The 

 muzzles also have a strong resemblance in breadth, that dimension being in all of them 

 more than one-sixth of the basilar length. The broadest muzzle, that of the Cape Buffalo, 

 is exactly a fourth of the basilar length ; thus in identity with the cerebral transverse of 

 the cranium. The Aurochs is most conspicuous for wideness of cranium. Next to the 

 Aurochs are the North American Bisons, male and female. In these two species the 

 greater breadth seems to compensate for the smaller height. While in the other Bovines 

 the tendency is to an orbital breadth half the basilar length, the orbits of the Aurochs 

 reach laterally beyond two-thirds of the basilar length, and their expansion is not much 

 less in the North American Bisons. 



The horns even show a determinate correspondence with the rest of the osteological 

 structure. The capacious circuit that surmounts the head of the Gour, spreads out, in the 

 fully-developed male, to twice the basilar length of the cranium. 



The mesial extent of the Bovine vertebrae, from the occipital condyles to the root of the 

 tail, closely approaches four times the cranial basilar length. It is accurately so in the 

 Aurochs, the North American Bisons, and the female Bantiger. Of all the nine Bovines, 

 the Aurochs and the North American Bisons have the greatest extension of the dorsal ver- 

 tebras, as there is of the cervicals in the female Bantiger. The vertebral growth of the 

 under-aged Gambian Buffalo had been with the sacrals, lumbars and dorsals, in the pro- 

 gression 2.4.8. 



Of Bovine ribs, the longest fully attains, or somewhat exceeds, the extreme cranial 

 length. In like manner, the first rib corresponds with the palatal length, slightly exceed- 

 ing it in those robust species, the Aurochs and the Cape Buffalo. 



In no Bovine was there found a perfect identity of dimension between the scapula and 

 the pelvis, except in the female of the North American Bison. The Aurochs and the 

 North American Bisons, both male and female, have the longest scapulas. The scapulas, 



