Volcanoes. 347 



these may be added several other active volcanoes ; but little 

 is known concerning them. 



From Kamtschatka we may proceed to the Kurile Isles, 

 where, according to Kracheninnikow, there are not less than 

 nine active volcanoes. 



The Japanese Islands contain ten active volcanoes, three of 

 which are in the Island of Niphon. This island appears to 

 have been formerly connected with Jesso; but, however this 

 may be, they are now equally the seat of this devastating 

 agent. The Isles of Oosima and Coosima are each inces- 

 santly pouring out volumes of smoke, and have evidently 

 been the theatres of eruption. 



As we proceed from the south of Japan, we come upon the 

 Sulphur Isles, in the Loo Choo group, and Formosa, both of 

 which are said to emit sulphureous vapour, and to bear evi- 

 dent marks of present activity. 



Several of the Philippine Isles have volcanic cones. In 

 Manilla there are several ; in Lucon, three ; in Fuego, one ; 

 and one in Mindanao, which suffered a violent eruption in 

 1 764. Borneo is said to contain several volcanoes ; but 

 their position is doubtful. 



Barren Island, one of the Andamans, has a mountain which 

 is nearly 4000 ft. high, and is remarkable for the ejection of 

 immense masses of rock, some of which are three and four 

 tons in weight. 



The Moluccas, also, abound with volcanoes. The Islands 

 of Ternate and Tidore each contain an active cone. 



The Celebes, also, are said to possess many volcanic moun- 

 tains ; and, in the Island of Sanguir, between Mindanao and 

 Celebes, there is one of the largest in the world. But, in all 

 these interesting groups we are almost entirely ignorant of 

 the periods of eruption. 



In the Isle of Sumbawa we find the Tomboro, which was 

 the source of the tremendous eruption in 1815, which we 

 have already described. 



Java has eleven active volcanoes. Payandayang was one 

 of the largest mountains in this island ; but, in 1772, it was 

 entirely carried away by a violent explosion. The cavity 

 which was thus formed measures fifteen miles by six. There 

 are four volcanoes in Sumatra, and two in New Guinea, 

 which were burning when Dampier explored the coast in 

 1700; and several others have been observed in the New 

 Hebrides, Friendly, and Ladrone Islands. Owhyhee, one of 

 the Sandwich Isles, contains an active cone ; which has been 

 described by Mr. Ellis, in his interesting tour through the 

 Sandwich Islands. 



