b ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



cellio. After treatment he passed at different times the following 

 objects : 162 specimens of Porcellio, 2 worms, 4 scolopendras, 

 2 "springing butterflies.'' 2 ant-like worms, a white Porcellio, 

 32 brown caterpillars, 4 frogs (whenever the boy went near a 

 pond, the frogs in his body croaked !), several toads (the largest 

 one had poisonous breath which immediately killed the smaller 

 ones), a snake (which started to come out through the boy's 

 mouth, but immediately returned), shoe-nails, half the link of x a 

 chain, white and red egg-shells, 2 knife-blades, portion of a 

 salve-box, and 2 spikes ! (Quoted from Looss.) 



Another division of parasites, based upon the number of hosts 

 required in their life-history, would be: Monoxenous parasites, 

 those parasites which require but one host, and heteroxenous 

 parasites, those which require two different hosts at different 

 stages of the life-history. 



From the foregoing remarks we see that the study of parasites 

 is in reality a study of a fauna ; exactly as one zoologist studies 

 the fauna of the seas, another the fauna of lakes, another the 

 fauna of mountains or plains, the parasitologist studies the fauna 

 or flora of the body. 



To sum up these informal remarks in a table, we can divide 

 the parasites as follows : 



A. Based upon symbiosis and food : 



1. Mutualists. 



2. Commensalists. 



3. True parasites. 



4. Pseudo-parasites. 



5. Spurious parasites. 

 B Based upon position : 



1. Ectoparasites. 



2. Endoparasites. 



C. Based upon the animal and plants : 



1. Phyto-parasites: 



a) In or upon animals. 

 b} " " " plants. 



2. Zoo-parasites : 



c} In or upon animals. 

 d) '" " '' plants. 



D. Based upon time : 



1. Temporary parasites. 



2. Stationary parasites : 



a) Periodical parasites. 

 ) Permanent parasites. 



E. Based upon adaptation or necessity : 



1. Facultative parasites. 



2. Obligatory parasites. 



