OF WASHINGTON. 221 



ran, but not one has been found in the transition. The accuracy 

 with which the difficult northern border line of the upper austral 

 has been mapped by Dr. Merriam is indicated by several inter 

 esting occurrences of the San Jose scale which have been investi 

 gated. The southeastern one-fifth of Pennsylvania is upper 

 austral, the zone taking a loop up at this point. Near the bot 

 tom of this loop the San Jose scale has been found, and at its ex 

 treme northwestern limit another occurrence has been ascertained. 

 Across the northwestern corner of New Jersey the Alleghanian 

 region extends in a diagonal line from southwest to northeast. 

 In this corner the scale has not established itself, although below 

 New Brunswick, as I learn from Dr. J. B. Smith, the orchards 

 of the State are generally affected. Dr. Smith, in his paper 

 read before the Association of Economic Entomologists last 

 August, correlated this dividing line with the so-called u red 

 shale " line of New Jersey, and seemed of the opinion that the 

 scale would not permanently establish itself north of this line. 

 That it might so establish itself for a time, he said, was indicated 

 by the occurrence of the insect in Columbia county, New York. 

 The real significance of this occurrence in Columbia county, 

 however, is shown by the fact that up the Hudson river nearly to 

 Albany there extends a narrow finger of the upper austral zone. 

 On Long Island the scale has also been found, but this, too, is 

 upper austral. Across through the mid-region of the upper 

 austral or Carolinian there are occasional points where the scale 

 has established itself, and other significant occurrences have been 

 found in Idaho. A narrow band of the upper austral or upper 

 Sonoran extends along the Snake River valley, and at two points 

 in the western part of the State within this band the scale has 

 become established. The other Idaho point of establishment is 

 also very interesting. This is the immediate vicinity of Lewiston, 

 at the only point in the pan-handle of Idaho where the upper 

 austral dips in from Washington.* 



* Since the reading of this paper this peculiarity in the distribution of 

 Aspidtotus perntciosus has been mentioned by the writer in Insect Life, 

 volume VII, p. 292. Immediately after the publication of this record, 

 specimens of this species were received from Professor C. H. Fernald, col 

 lected at Amherst, Mass. This was apparently a refutation of the prob 

 able limitation of spread suspected. Investigation, however, showed 

 that the infested trees had been brought from New Jersey and planted at 

 Amherst in the spring of 1894, and examination in the spring of 1895 

 showed that all of the scale insects were dead. The instance, therefore, 

 becomes a confirmation rather than a refutation. Moreover, the south 

 Connecticut band of the upper austral extends for some distance up the 

 Connecticut river, as is quite to be expected from the general law con 

 cerning river-banks. Quite up to the Massachusetts line, and beyond, 

 plenty of upper austral forms are found mingling with transition forms. 



