OF WASHINGTON. 223 



mgton, and inland it has reached Fredericksburg, Va. Down 

 the coast it has proceeded as far as Fortress Monroe. Mr. 

 Schwarz has recently called attention to the earlier introduction 

 of the species, about 1800, at Hanover, York county, Pennsyl 

 vania. All these occurrences are upper austral ; the insect has 

 not spread to any very great extent into transition regions. In 

 order to reach the continuation of the upper austral in western 

 Pennsylvania, northwestern New York, and mid western States, 

 it has had to traverse the broad barrier of the Alleghanian region. 

 This, it is reasonable to suppose, it could do only or mainly by 

 the aid of commerce. Not until' within the last ten years is it 

 known to have taken this jump. In 1884 a few specimens were 

 found at Geneva, N. Y., and in 1892 it was found about Roch 

 ester, where later Dr. Lintner ascertained that it had been trouble 

 some to asparagus grow r ers for some little time. Its westward 

 spread may now reasonably be supposed to be comparatively 

 rapid. In 1893 Mr. Webster reported it at Cleveland and Akron, 

 Ohio, and announced its prior occurrence in Columbiana county, 

 in the same State. To say, however, as Mr. Webster does, that 

 it doubtless reached this latter place via the Ohio river is hazard 

 ous, since no locality along the Ohio east was previously known 

 to be infested. It was evidently, a commercial jump across the 

 Alleghanian barrier and a settlement in the first available upper 

 austral spot. From now on its spread to the west may be steady, 

 and we shall expect that year after year it will extend its west 

 ward range. 



The Geneva and Rochester localities, it will be remembered, 

 are included in the eastward bend of the upper austral, which 

 introduces a more southern character into the fauna and flora of 

 western New York. So far, there is nothing to conflict with the 

 idea that the species will not establish itself in the true transition 

 region. There remains, however, the fact that specimens have 

 been received from several Massachusetts localities and Nashua, 

 N. H. At Nashua it transpires that the insect was introduced 

 in 1892, was rather numerous in 1893, an( ^ appeared to be dying 

 out in 1894. Massachusetts reports are worthy of similar inves 

 tigation. If the insect has permanently established itself at 

 Amherst and other points as an injurious species, it possesses to 

 some extent the power of ranging beyond the line where many 

 upper austral forms cease. It is well to state, however, that the 

 northern boundary line of this zone in Connecticut is an uneven 

 one, and is not established w r ith absolute definiteness. 



The spread of the imported elm-leaf beetle ( Galeruca xan- 

 t homelccna} is also significant in view of the peculiar dividing 

 line between the upper austral and the transition in the general 

 region between Washington and Albany. Its well-known oc 



