330 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



origin of the order is obtainable from geological strata and we 

 must look to other sources for this information. 



This clew, I believe, may be obtained, at least approximately, 

 from living forms and from the position assigned the order by 

 various systematic workers. 



POSITION ASSIGNED THE HYMENOPTERA BY DIFFERENT 

 AUTHORITIES. 



The older authors divided insects into two principal groups : ( i) 

 The Mandibulata, or insects with jaws fitted for biting; and (2) 

 The Haustellata, or insects with the mouth-parts fitted for suck 

 ing. From Westwood I find that Lamarck thought the Hymen- 

 optera were the connecting order between the two series. 

 Latreille placed it between the Neuroptera and the Lepidoptera, 

 regarding Phryganea and Termes as forming the link between 

 them, considering the long-tongue bees as approaching nearest 

 to the Lepidoptera. 



MacLeay, on the other hand, placed the Hymenoptera between 

 the Coleoptera (with which they are supposed to be connected 

 by the osculant order Strepsiptera) and the Trichoptera, the 

 Tenthredinidae being considered as trichopterous and the Uro- 

 ceridae as forming an osculant order, Bomboptera, between Tri 

 choptera and Hymenoptera, which last order is reduced to the 

 species possessing apodal larvae : thus by means of the connec 

 tion between the ants (Formicidae) and white ants (Termitidae), 

 and the caddice-flies (Phryganeidae) and the saw-flies (Tenthre 

 dinidae) , a strong relationship is shown to exist between the Lin- 

 naean orders Hymenoptera and Neuroptera. 



Packard in his paper entitled On Synthetic Types in Insects 

 (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 591-22, 1863) says that the 

 Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera "seem 

 bound together by affinities such as those that unite by them 

 selves the bees, moths, and flies," and to the latter or what he 

 considers the higher series he has since applied the term Meta- 

 bola, and to the former Heterometabola. He says: "The 

 Metabola are unquestionably more homogeneous than the other 

 group. One of their primary features is found in the more 



