1855.] Anthropoid Apes^ and their relations to Mafi. 37 



the human subject those traces disappear still earlier, and in regard 

 to the exterior alveolar plates, the inter-maxillary and maxillary 

 bones are connate. But there may be always traced in the human 

 foetus the indications of the palatal and nasal portions of the 

 maxillo-intermaxillary suture, of which the poet GoSthe was the 

 first to appreciate the full significance. 



In the Mongolian skull there is a peculiar development of the 

 cheek-bones, giving great breadth and flatness to the face, a broad 

 cranium, with a low forehead, and often with the sides sloping away 

 from the median sagittal tract, something like a roof ; whereas, in 

 the liiuropean, there is combined, with greater capacity of the 

 cranium, a more regular and beautiful oval form, a loftier and 

 more expanded brow, a minor prominence of the malars, and a less 

 projection of the upper and lower jaws. All these characteristics 

 necessarily occasion slight differences in the facial angle. On a 

 comparison of the basis cranii, the strictly bimanous characteristics 

 in the position of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles, and 

 of the zygomatic arches, are as well displayed in the lowest as io 

 the highest varieties of the human species. 



With regard to the value to be assigned to the above defined 

 distinctions of race : — in consequence of not any of these differ- 

 ences being equivalent to those characteristics of the skeleton, or 

 other parts of the frame, upon which specific differences are founded 

 by naturalists in reference to the rest of the animal creation, the 

 Professor came to the conclusion that man forms one species, and 

 that these differences are but indicative of varieties. As to the 

 number of these varieties : — from the very well marked and natural 

 character of the species, just as in the case of the similarly natural 

 and circumscribed class of birds, scarcely any two ethnologists agree 

 as to number of the divisions, or as to the characters upon which 

 those varieties are to be defined and circumscribed. In the sub- 

 division of the class of birds, the ornithological systems vary from 

 two orders to thirty orders ; so with man there are classifications 

 of races varying from thirty to t^e three predominant ones which 

 Blumenbach first clearly pointed out, — the Ethiopian, the Mon- 

 golian, and the Caucasian or Indo-European. These varieties 

 merge into one another by easy gradations. The Malay and the 

 Polynesian link the Mongolian and the Indian varieties ; and the 

 Indian is linked by the Esquimaux again to the Mongolian. The 

 inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, New Caledonia, New Guinea, 

 and Australia, in a minor degree seem to fill up the hiatus between 

 .the Malay and the Ethiopian varieties ; and in no case can a well 

 marked definite line be drawn between the physical characteristics 

 of allied varieties, these merging more or less gradationally the one 

 into the other. 



In considering the import and value of the osteological differ- 

 ences between the gorilla — the most anthropoid of all known brutes 

 -r-and man, in reference to the hypothesis of the origination of 



