THE PLOUA OF LIVERPOOTi. 



4. R. ARVENSis. Huds. (Trailing D.) June, July. U 



Woods, hedges, &c., common. 

 " On the branches of the various species may be observed those moss-like fibrous 

 excrescences, the habitations of the Cynips Rosa. The leaves are often cut in a 

 semi-circular form by the Leaf-cutter Bees, who use the portions of the leaves to line 

 their cells. Towards autumn, scattered on the under side of the leaf, may be found 

 the minute fungus, Puccinia Rosw, and different parts of the living plant are often 

 infested with whitish tufts of Erotium Rosarum." " The different species are also 

 fed upon by the following insects:— Pcecilocampa Populi (the December Moth), 

 Orthosia cruda (the small Quaker), Harpolyce fulvata (the small clouded Yellow), 

 Lampropleryx badeata (the Shoulder Stripe) , Antlclca drrivata (the Streamer), &c., &c." 

 In the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden there is a speci- 

 men from Bootle marked Rosa tomentosa (?) But this 

 species is not now found there. It is however enume- 

 rated in Mr. Aughton's List of Southport Plants. 



SUB-OKD. in. POMEiE. Petals several. 

 " Carpels united, and adhering by their back to the calyx-tube, thus re- 

 sembling an inferior fruit. Stipules free." 



13. CRATAEGUS. Linn. Hawthorn. 

 Icosand. Tentagyn. L. 



1. C. OxYACANTHA. L. (Hawthom, White-thorn, or May.) 

 May, June. 1i 

 In hedges and woods, frequent. 



Var. monogyn. Jacq. 



About Crosby common, — T. Sansom. 



" The following larvae may be found upon the Hawthorn : — Pier'u Cratcegi (the 

 black-veined White), Episema cceruleocephala (the figure of 8 Moth), Lasiocampa 

 Quercus (the Great Egger), Trichiura Cratcegi (the Oak Egger), Pcecilocampa 

 Populi (the December Moth), Eriogastcr lanestris (the Small Egger), Gasiropacha 

 Qu€rci/oiia (the Lappet Moth), Orgyia antiqua {the Vapourer), Porthesia chrysorrhcea 

 (the Yellow Tail), P. aurijiua (the Brown Tail), one of the greatest pests of our 

 hedges ; it feeds gregariously on plants ; in some years its increase is enormous. In 

 1782, prayers were ordered to be read in all churches, to avert impending calamity 

 from the vast number of larva? that abounded in that year ; having despoiled every 

 hedge and tree, it was feared that they would extirpate tlie growing corn and grass : — 

 Niselia Oxyacantha (the Green Brindled Crescent), Acronycta tridens (the Dark 

 Dagger), A. Euphrasioe, Yponomeuta Evonymella (the full-spotted Ermine), and 

 T.padella (the small Ermine). Some years these two species are nearly as destructive 

 to hedges as the Brown Tail. The diligent Entomologist may collect 400 or 500 

 species of insects from the blossoms of the Hawthom during the time that it is in 

 flower, by beating it into a good bag-net, and carefully examining the contents." — 

 Baines. 



60 



