135 



built in the form of small temples, and rising to the height of 10 or 20 

 feet. An example of these may be found in Sir Charles Fellowes s 

 work, " Excursion in Asia Minor." Tombs of less pretensions were 

 called fivtjftna. These burial places were erected by individuals during 

 their life-time, and the inscriptions upon them served to indicate the 

 parties who erected them, and those to whose sepulture they were to be 

 applied, with the penalties attaching to any persons violating or 

 intruding thereupon. They were erected in the environs of great 

 cities, and were so numerous as to extend in some cases several miles 

 beyond the gates. 



Both inscriptions seem to belong to the age of the first Roman 

 Emperors. At this period a change took place in the form of the three 

 letters ESQ, which came to be thus written, e c w, as in the inscrip- 

 tion of Ulpius now before us. In Ionia, however, and other Eastern 

 parts, these letters continued for three or four hundred years to be 

 expressed by both sets of characters. The y, as it appears in the 

 present inscription of Cacuchius, is not often found so written. It 

 occurs, however, sometimes in the more antient marbles. 



I have translated the word ^ptfifia<n (which occurs in both inscrip- 

 tions), domestic kindred, as having the same common derivation (rpt^w) 

 with Tpo((nfio(r at the commencement of the first inscription. It has 

 been frequently rendered cattle, as in the English version of the 

 fourth chapter of St. John's Gospel, v. 12, which, however, might be 

 questioned. Hesychius gives the thi-ee following synonymes, (ioffKtjuaTa— 

 frpopara — rtKva Stephens translates Bptfifia Alumnus seu omne illud 

 quod nutritur aliturque et educatur. Plato (de legibus) says dvcKoXov ro 

 dpffifAa av^pojirotT "Man is reared more laboriously than any other 

 brood.'- In addition to this quotation from Plato, two passages are 

 adduced by Stephens from Plutarch, which show that the offspring of 

 concubines, brought up in the house, were denominated Bpififiara. 

 That the word cannot be intended to mean cattle, is evident from the 

 fact that no sort of cattle were ever interred in the same place with 

 men. Moreover, in the two inscriptions now under consideration, the 

 word has the precedence of awtXevSripoKT (freedmen), which would not be 

 the case in documents of so public a nature, if the former signified 

 cattle. Many of the Greeks had living in their houses, adopted or 

 spurious offspring, who were brought up with the rest of the family, 

 although looked upon as in some degree inferior. In addition to these 

 individuals, however, this term may be held to comprehend generally 

 the relations and household of the proprietor, and in this comprehensive 

 sense we ought perhaps to interpret the passage in St. John's Gospel. 



The same word, with the addition of ira<n, ''all his domestic kindred," 



