The EUROPEAN LEGISLATURES. 39 



iner arrangement of the Germans into /#</*, centuries and 

 decenaries, immediately appeared in the Roman provinces, 

 which were every where divided and fubdivided into diftricts, 

 diftinguimed by thefe or correfponding names ; and that, in 

 each of thefe diftricts, the former fpecies of fubordination re- 

 mained, viz. a chief, who was magiflrate in peace, and leader in 

 war, and an aflembly of the warriors of it, competent equally 

 for deliberation and action. The chiefs, or governors of pagi 

 or large diftricts, were called, in the Latin of thofe times, duces, 

 comites, gardingi, banni, vaivodas, heretogas, aldermanni. The 

 heads of fubdivifions were named after them refpectively, quin- 

 gentenarii, centenarii, decani. The higher magiftrates had de- 

 puties that affifted them in their functions. Thefe were called 

 in Latin vicarii, and fometimes vicecomites ; but, in general, 

 they retained the names which, in their native language, belong- 

 ed to their principals. Thus they had the titles of gerefas, graffs, 

 grieves, fcyregraffs, margraffs, thiuphads, laghmans, &c. 



IN procefs of time, the military and enterprifing fpirit of the 

 conquerors was greatly damped, by the influence of their new 

 fituation, and various regulations were thought of to enforce 

 compliance with their common duty, as defenders of their ac- 

 quifitions. Among thefe, we find, in the code of the Viligoths, 

 called the fuerojufgo f, a law which enacts, that, if the duke, 

 count, or warden, failed in their duty, they forfeited their 

 goods, and were liable to punifhment ; and that, as to all in- 

 ferior perfons, viz. thofe who called out the army, or thofe who 

 were called out, then, " Non folum ducentis iclibus flagellorum 

 " verberati, fed et turpi decalvatione foedati fingulas infuper li- 

 " bras auri cogantur exfolvere ;" and that, if they had not 

 fubftance to defray this fine, they fhould be condemned to 



flavery. 



* PAGUS is ufed in the ancient codes and early writers as fynonimous with civitas and 

 comitatus. Civitas fometimes is employed for urbs, but generally in the fenfe of municr- 

 pium, or of a fubordinate ftate, comprehending a town and territory. Greg. Tur. lib. 7. 

 6. 12. 13. 33. <iyc. CESAR, <b'c. ufes pagus in this way, feptem Helvetiorum pagi, <fev, 

 The French pais, and German termination gaw, are fuppofed to be derived from it, 



i Lib. 9. tit. 2. 1. 9. 



