June 25, I860.] ADDITIONAL NOTICES. 245 



of 45° for the upper truly mountainous regions, where the former method 

 would have made the map illegible. The slopes are represented in the original 

 drawings by the projection of horizontal curves designed to have a difference 

 of level of 10 and 30 metres, according to the scale of Toams or tomoo, from each 

 other. These drawings are then given to the practical limners and engravers, 

 who apply to their translation determined rules of shading. 



The execution of this work has been attended by great difficulties, owing 

 both to the nature of the country to be surveyed and the limited means placed 

 at the disposal of the engineers by the Government. In 1832 lightning struck 

 the tent of M. Buchwalder on the top of Mt. Sentis in Appenzell, killing Gobat 

 his assistant, and disabling M. Buchwalder himself for the remainder of the 

 campaign. More recently M. Landsmann was precipitated from a cliff in the 

 Grisons and killed. M. Eschmann ascribes several errors in his measurements 

 to the fact that the accuracy of the level he used might sometimes be altered 

 by the neighbourhood of large mountain masses, and he thought that the 

 freezing of the ground on which the instruments had been left during the 

 night might have altered their position. The engineers are during the summer 

 for months together engaged in conducting their operations at heights of many 

 thousand feet above the level of the sea. 



In many mountainous districts, where the engineers most required the assist- 

 ance of the people to overcome physical difficulties of every kind, the ignorant 

 inhabitants were so much averse to having their own country surveyed, that 

 they at first destroyed the signal stations and scarcely allowed the engineers to 

 proceed with their work. Some of the cantons have, however, been prevailed 

 upon to have the survey of their districts made on a larger scale, so that the 

 results have only to be reduced to the scale of tomm foi" the purposes of the map. 

 In such case, when the canton has no private staff of its own, the work is 

 executed by the Federal engineers, one-third of the expense being defrayed from 

 the funds allowed to the Federal Survey and the remainder by the Cantonal 

 Government. 



4. Sketch of Hilly Daghestan, with the Lesghi Tribes of the Eastern Chain 

 of the Caucasus. By Baron de Bode. 



Communicated by Thomas Hodgkin, m.d., &c. 

 Bead, March 26, 1860. 

 If you take up a map of the Caucasus, you will find that, bordering on the 

 western shores of the Caspian, are the territories of the Shamal of Terki and 

 the possessions of the Kazi-Kamuks and Mehti-Kuli tribes.* They all lie east 

 of the highlands*with which we have now to deal, which extend to the north 

 of the great chain. Unlike the other alpine regions of the Caucasus, split into 

 hill and dale, with spurs and offshoots from the principal snowy range, 

 Daghestanf offers a singular aspect of stupendous granite masses, forming a 

 high table-land, intersected by rapid streams, the three Kbi-sus,^ with their 

 respective tributaries, embedded in deep ravines whose steep walls descend 

 terrace-like to the water's edge. The greater part of these granite hills are 

 void of vegetation, and look wild and dreary. 



Agriculture is in a most deplorable state. You may often see some hardy 



* These districts lie between Derbend and the Terek. See Monteith's map of 

 Georgia.— J. S. 



t Daghestan has been generally considered as mountaiuous with very narrow 

 valleys.— J. S. 



t Turkish words — Kioi, a village, soo, water. — J. S. 



T 2 



