Modern Improvements in Horticulture, 



303 



should be filled up ; and so with other vegetables. Shifting 

 the time of sowing, may sometimes be beneficial, especially as 

 worms or insects may prey on a plant at one season, which 

 they will not do at another. Magnitude, if it bo required, or 

 qualities of vegetables, may be improved by various expedients ; 

 potting young plants, in which they may be defended or for- 

 warded on frames or houses, (as is practicable with many 

 sorts of culinary vegetables,) should always be pursued for the 

 sake of either early or seasonable products. In short, as long 

 as successful gardening depends on soils, situations, and 

 seasons, so long must particular rules be occasionally applied 

 or laid aside ; and he, who can rationally divest himself of 

 precedents, will be the most likely to advance the practice and 

 improve the products of his business. 



Training trees on walls, espalier-rails, trellisses, and in par- 

 ticular forms as standards, is a most important part of the 

 gardener's duty. In northern climates, it has been long the 

 principal expedient for procuring a greater degree of heat by 

 reflection, for security from winds, facility of protection by 

 coverings of nets, bunting, mats, branchlets of evergreen 

 trees, &c. This compulsory and unnatural form of growth on 

 a plane, instead of the orbicular or conical, has led to different 

 styles of training, namely, the fan,j^^. a., the horizontal ^f/. b.. 

 Jig. a. Jig. b. 



far^- 



the pendent, fig, c, the irregular, fig. d., and various modi- 

 Jig.c. J^g-d. 



X2 



