recent Improvements in Printing. 189 



immediately applied them to the common press, and with comjxlete 

 success ; the invention, however, was immediately infringed 

 throughout the kingdom, and copied in France, Germany, and 

 America ; and it would have been as fruitless to have attempted to 

 stop the infringement of the patent as it was found in the case of 

 the Kaleidoscope. (Fig. 8.) 



This invention lias raised the quality of printing generally, — in 

 almost any old book will be perceived groups of words very dark, 

 and other groups very light ; these are technically called " monks 

 and friars," which have been ** reformed altogether." 



The principal object in a newspaper machine is to obtain a great 

 number of impressions from the sam£ form, or one side of the sheet, 

 und not from two forms, or both sides of the sheet, as in books. 



In the Times machine, which was planned by Mr. Applegath, 

 upon our joint inventions, the form passes under four printing 

 cylinders, which are fed with sheets of paper by four lads, and after 

 the sheets are printed, they pass into the hands of four other lads ; 

 by this contrivance 4000 sheets per hour are printed on one side. 



Machines upon our joint patents are also used for printing the — 



A variety of machines have been invented by other persons, which 

 have not been attended with sufficient success to make me acquainted 

 with their merits, with the exception of Mr. Napier, who hjas erected 

 several machines for newsjjapers. 



Although the success of the inventions in which I have been ^n- 

 gaged has rendered frequent reference to them unavoidable, I trust 

 I have distinctly assigned to Mr. Koenig the honour of making the 

 first working machine, and to Mr. W. Nicholson the honour of sug- 

 gesting its principles, and that I have thus fairly stated the origin, 

 the progress, and the success of the recent improvements in the art 

 of printing. 



