June 27, 1859.] ADDITIONAL NOTICES. 395 



naphtha, of which there is an extensive consumption in the countries Lordering 

 on the Caspian, the lower classes commonly burning it in their lamps. It is 

 extremely cheap, a maun shakee, or 13 lbs., being worth at Enzilli 12 to 14 

 shahees, or about 8d. sterling. 



The Russian mercantile marine in the Caspian is said to amount to about 

 1000 vessels of all descriptions : the limited trade of this sea not requiring so 

 many, freights are exceedingly low. 



The village of Peeree Bazaar, the shipping-place of all goods passing 

 between Resht and Enzilli, is situated on a small river at about 3 miles from 

 the lake. It possesses neither stores for goods nor accommodation for tia- 

 vellers ; the only shelter to be obtained for the former is an open shed, which 

 hardly screens them from the weather. Here they have to await the chance 

 arrival of boats from Enzilli, which come generally only when they have 

 obtained a lading. The road from Peeree Bazaar to Resht lies through the 

 jungle, and, if road it may be called, can scarce be exceeded in badness by 

 anything with such a name. Though the actual distance is perhaps not more 

 than 5 or 6 miles, such is the extreme difficulty of the road, that it requires 

 3 to 4 hours to perform it with a horse lightly burthened. The river of Man- 

 gaudeh, a small stream about 12 yards wide, which passes near Resht, and 

 falls into the lake, offers an easy channel of communication with Enzilli ; but 

 the same reasons which induce the government to neglect the repairs of the 

 Peeree Bazaar road, render it also their policy to impede the free navigation of 

 this little stream, which, from want of attention, has its course blocked up in 

 various parts by fallen trees and mudbanks. In summer, when the water is 

 low, on account of these obstructions beats cannot ascend the stream, I 

 believe ; and in winter the current is so strong, that it takes a day to ascend 

 from the lake to near Resht, a distance of about 10 miles. 



In conclusion, I would observe that Ghilan, though in wretched hands and 

 kept in the most shameful state of neglect, is, in proportion to its extent, the 

 richest province of Persia. Its inhabitants appear to jjossess a great deal of 

 wealth. Among the highest classes there are large fortunes, and traders with 

 2000 to 5000 tomauns capital are very numerous. The lowest class, though 

 not supposed generally to possess more in coin than they require to purchase 

 necessaries with, appear to live comfortably on half their crops of rice (the 

 other half being the property of the landlord), their poultry, and the produce 

 of their cows, together with the wild fruits which grow everywhere, and the 

 fish of the numerous streams, the lake, and sea. The govermnent derives a 

 yearly revenue of 200,000 tomauns, or about 100,OOOZ. sterling, from the pro- 

 vince, including the customs and rent of the fisheries, which together amount 

 to 45,000 tomauns, or about 22,500Z. ; but probably half as much again is 

 paid in voluntary contributions by the principal people of the province to the 

 court for objects of self-interest, and there are many pensioners in the province 

 who have grants of lands and villages made them by government in return for 

 services. 



15. Remarks on the Undulatory Motion of the Sea and its Currents* By 

 Commendatore Alessandro Cialdi. 



Five principal propositions form the subject of the present notice : — 



1st. The translation of the liquid mass in the undulating motion of the 



waves on the open sea when the wind is violent. 



2nd. The absence of any notable translation in the said undulating mass 



when the velocity of the wind is not more than 7 or 8 metres per second.f 



* Cenni sul Moto ondoso del Mare, e suUe Correnti di Esse. 4°. Roma, 1856. 



t M^tre = 39-37 inches. 

 VOL. III. 2 G 



