302 Illustrations of the Manupeda, or 



racters, especially their having thumbs, and all their feet 

 having somewhat the structure, and performing many of the 

 offices of hands, being organs equally of progression and pre- 

 hension: thus associated, they constitute the Anthropomor- 

 phous quadrupeds of Ray and Pennant; the genera Simia and 

 Lemur of Linnaeus ; the Quadrumana of Blumenbach, Cuvier, 

 and most modern writers. 



The apes and their more immediate allies, which by Ray 

 were associated in a distinct group, by Linnseus, on account of 

 their teeth, were blended with man and bats, in his order 

 Primates ; which thus forms a very heterogeneous assemblage. 

 Modern zoographers have therefore returned them, in spite of 

 their teeth, to the plan of Ray; and separating the true 

 apes and their natural allies from men and bats, have called 

 them Quadrumana, [Quadrumanes, four-handed beasts,] in- 

 stead of anthropomorphous digitated quadrupeds. Perhaps, 

 strictly speaking, neither quadrupeds nor quadrumanes are 

 appropriate terms ; for in some, as the Chamek [Ateles penta- 

 dactylus], the thumb scarcely protrudes externally; and in the 

 four-fingered Chamek [Ateles paniscus], it is completely hid- 

 den beneath the skin. Cuvier observes that in Ouistitis 

 [Titi], the thumbs are so little widened from the other digits^ 

 *' qu'on ne leur donne qu'en hesitant le nom de quadru- 

 manes ;" and Cams well remarks, that ** the so called hands 

 of apes should rather be termed feet," for hands are organs of 

 touch and of prehension, not of progression; but feet are 

 organs of progression rather than of prehension : therefore, as 

 the paws of apes, &c., are chiefly organs of progression, but 

 which progression takes place by prehension, might not their 

 form and use be better designated by the term Manupeda, 

 Manupeds, foot-handed or hand-footed beasts ? 



The Quadrumana of modern systems were comprised in the 

 two genera Simia and Lemur of Linnaeus, from the former of 

 which Cuvier has most judiciously separated a very distinct 

 race, under the name Ouistitis [Titi], the Hapales of Illiger, 

 and Arctopithecus of Geoftroy. 



As the species of the Linnsean genus Simia, even in his 

 time, were veiy numerous and very various, and as since then 



