THE THEORY OF SYLLOGISM, ETC. 95 



In the following table, the syllogisms are arranged in the manner described in the headings. 



The universal and strengthened syllogisms appear twice, once from each set of particular 

 syllogisms. The contranominals, or those in which all the terms used are contraries, are 

 written together : they are formed from each other by alteration of all the parentheses. 



Altering one quantity in a particular proposition, even though a universal term be changed 

 into a particular one, strengthens the proposition, or converts it into a universal. In fact, in 

 this system strength and weakness are terms which, like affirmation and negation, have nothing 

 but opposition of character left : the less the strength of a proposition with respect to a term, 

 the greater with respect to its contrary : so that what I have called strengthening a proposition, 

 in only altering the distribution of strength. 



The opponents of a syllogism, meaning those in which one premise and the contrary of the 

 conclusion produce the contrary of the other premise, are thus formed. Substitute the con- 

 trary of the conclusion for one premise and change the order of reading in the other, or let 

 the symbol of the other revolve about an axis. Thus the two opponents of ).)).( are (.((.) 

 and (.)).(; and those of ())) are ()).( and ).((( 



