Dr. WHEWELL'S CRITICISM OF ARISTOTLE'S ACCOUNT OF INDUCTION. 71 



The following passages throw light upon the question whether avOpwn-os ought or ought 

 not to be retained in the passage discussed in the memoir. 



(A) Aristot. De Animalihus Histor. ri. 15, 9 (Bekk.), twv fxev ^wotokwv Kal reTpcnroSwv 



e\a(poi ovk e^ei |_^oaj/cj ovoe irpo^, en ce ittttos, opev$, ovos, (pwKt) kui twv vwv evioi 



'Evet oe Kal o eXe<pa$ to rjtrap a-%oXov ftev, k.t.X- 



(B) Conf. lb. i. 17, 10, 11. (In the beginning of chap. 16, he says that the external 

 fxopia of man are yvwpina, " xa o evros towovt'iov. Ayvwara yap eon /idXioTa to. twv 

 dv9pwirwv, woTe $et 7rpos to twv aXXwv fxopia tjvwv dvdyovTas GKoireiv" ...) 



(C) Id. De Part Animal, iv. 2, 2. to /xev yap oXw ovk e-^ei )(oXijv, ofov "itttto's Kal 



opevs Kal ovos Kal eXacpos Kal irpoi, Ei/ ce rois yeveai toTs auVoTs to juev e%eiv ^oiVerai, 



to o ovk eyeiv, oiov ev tw twv fivwv. Tovtwv o eo~Ti Kal o av9pwiro$' evioi fxev yap (ha'tvovTai 

 eyovTes yoXtji> eirl tov tjiraTos, evioi d ovk eyovTes. Ato Kal ylveTai d/n.(pio-(i^TriaK vepl 

 oXov to? yevovs' oi yap evTvyovTei oiroTepwaovv eyovai Trent 7rai/Tcoj/ viroXa/xfiavovffiv ws 

 airavTwv eyovTwv 



(D) lb. fill. Aio Kal yapieoTara Xeyovai twv apyalwv o'i (paaKOVTes diTiov elvai tov 

 TrXelw Xr)v yjiovov to /xt] e^etv yo\ijv, (3\e\}/avTes eirl to ixoovvya Kal to? eXdcpovs' TavTa yap 

 dyoXu T€ Kal £»} iroXvv y^povov. Etj de Kal Ta nr/ ewparxeva vir eKe'ivwv oti ovk eyei yoXrjv, 

 olov SeX(ph Kal KanrjXos, Kal toiIto Tvyyavei naKpofiia ovTa. EvXoyov yap, k.t.X. 



(E) The elephant and man are mentioned together as long-lived animals (De Long, 

 et Brev. Vitce, iv. 2, and De Generat. Animal, iv. 10. 2.) 



The following is the import of these passages : 



(A) "Of viviparous quadrupeds, the deer, roe, horse, mule, ass, seal, and some of the 

 swine have not the gall-bladder. ... 



The elephant also has the liver without gall-bladder, &c." 



(B) "The external parts of man are well known: the internal parts are far from being so. 

 The parts of man are in a great measure unknown; so that we must judge concerning them by 

 reference to the analogy of other animals. ... ,1 



(C) "Some animals are altogether destitute of gall-bladder, as the horse, the mule, the 

 ass, the deer, the roe. ..But in some kinds it appears that some have it, and some have it not, as 

 the mice kind. And among these is man ; for some men appear to have a gall-bladder on the 

 liver, and some not to have one. And thus there is a doubt as to the species in general ; for 

 those who have happened to examine examples of either kind, hold that all the cases are of 

 that kind." 



(D) "Those of the ancients speak most plausibly, who say that the absence of the gall- 

 bladder is the cause of long life ; looking at animals with uncloven hoof, and deer : for these are 

 destitute of gall-bladder, and live a long time. And further, those animals in which the ancients 

 had not the opportunity of ascertaining that they have not the gall-bladder, as the dolphin, and 

 the camel, are also long-lived animals." 



It appears, from these passages, that Aristotle was aware that some persons had asserted 



