PARTICULARLY OF THE VALLEY OF THE GIPPING. 435 



of rough pebbly gravel and reddish sand : this opening has all the appearance of being the 

 transverse section of a cavern, and the materials filling it are the same, and follow the same 

 order of arrangement, as those of the adjoining sand-hills, although the level is decidedly lower 

 than the foot of them ; these cliffs however are very undefined at this spot, and do not become 

 well marked again until we reach Bosmere, where they once more start into great prominence, 

 and continue so as far as the Creeting and Needham road. In this length there are several 

 small sand and gravel-pits worked, while at their base are as many chalk-pits : the evidence of 

 all these gives the section fig. (7) as the partial transverse section of the Gipping valley at this 

 point. 



(1) Drift-clay. Fig. (7).* 



(2) Irregular pebbly flint-gravel 

 with worn boulders, shells 

 oxidized, lenticular nodules,' 

 &c. 



(3) Pure white sand capped with red. 



These sand-hills terminate in a bluff looking towards Creeting Chapel, at the base of 

 which instead of chalk, as is the case with the front towards Needham, pure drift-clay 

 occurs: it is well exhibited in a pond placed in the angle which the Creeting and 

 Needham Road makes at this spot ; a plantation of fir-trees covers the abrupt rise on the 

 other side of the road, but a pit worked in it gives a very good section of the compact 

 sand. 



The declination of surface represented at 1 on the left of fig. (7) is caused by a small 

 lateral valley, which passes round the just mentioned bluff, and reduces the breadth of 

 the sand-ridge to a few hundred yards only : it is remarkable that both flanks of this 

 hollow are formed of pure drift-clay ; but that on the left hand which leads up to Creeting 

 Chapel exhibits towards the top patches of sand and gravel. 



In returning from this point to trace the right bank of the Gipping between Ipswich 

 and Needham, I ought to say that my materials are not so complete as in the case of the 

 opposite side of the valley, but as far as they go they present phenomena in exact accordance 

 with those which we have just been reviewing. 



The village of Stoke is on the side of the river Gipping opposite to Ipswich, and is placed 

 just at its junction with the tidal estuary of the Orwell; the parsonage-house fronts the 

 Orwell, and is situated exactly like Hemingston Hall, at the foot of a sand-cliff, which runs 

 under the windmill and extends itself above the tunnel-mouth on the side looking towards 

 Sproughton, here forming the Stoke sand-hills already alluded to (p. 434). The shelf pro- 

 jecting at the base of these hills is probably London clay, for there is a brickkiln in the 

 village ; however I have not been able to examine this, nor have I ascertained the nature of 

 the section made by the tunnel. 



The platform reaching through Goldrood and Birkfield to the valley of Bourn Brook is of 



In this figure the spectator is supposed to be looking down the valley. 



