I860.] Cerebral System of the Class Mammalia. 175 



class — had characterised by the * Mammas pectorales hintB : denies 

 priraores incisores : superiores iv parelleli,* was shown, by the correla- 

 tion of anatomical distinctions with the threefold modification of the 

 limbs of the Primates, to be divisible into as many distinct orders. 

 The hands on the upper limbs alone, and the lower limbs destined to 

 sustain the trunk erect, characterised the order Bimana, the equivalent 

 of the Linnaean genus Homo, The genus Simia of Linnaeus, with 

 hands on the four extremities, became the order Quadrumana of 

 Cuvier. The genus Vespertilio with the * manus palmatae volitantes ' 

 formed the group Cheiroptera, answerable to the Dermaptera of 

 Aristotle. 



Hay had pointed out certain viviparous quadrupeds with a multifid 

 foot as being ' anomalous species,' instancing as such ' the tamandua, 

 the armadillo, the sloth, the mole, the shrew, the hedgehog, and the 

 bat.' The first three species are associated with the scaly ant-eaters 

 {Manis) of Asia and Africa, with the Australian spiny ant-eaters 

 (^Echidna), and with the more strange duck-moles ( Ornithorhynchus) 

 of the same part of the world, to form the order Edentata of Cuvier, 

 which answers to that called Bruta by Linnaeus, if the elephant and 

 walrus be removed from it. The rest of Ray's ' anomalous species ' 

 exemplify the families Cheiroptera and Insectivora of the Cuvierian 

 system, in which they are associated with the true Carnivora in an 

 order called ' Carnassiers,' answering to the Ferce of Linnaeus. 



Cuvier had early noticed the relation of the Australian pouched 

 mammals, as a small collateral series, to the unguiculate mammals of 

 other parts of the globe ; he discerned many relations of mutual 

 affinity in their osseous structure, and he grouped them together under 

 the name Marsupialia, to form a family of the ' Carnassiers ' in the 

 first edition of the ' Regno Animal' : and he raised them to the rank 

 of an order in the 2nd edition, where they terminate the carnassial or 

 carnivorous series of the Unguiculata, possessing the three kinds of 

 teeth.* 



The hoofed animals (Ungulata, " animaux a sabots ") are binarily 

 divided into those that do, and those that do not, chew the cud ; the 

 former constituting the order Pachydermata, the latter that of 

 Rwninajitia. 



The third primary group or subclass of Mammalia is indicated, but 

 without receiving any name distinct from that of the single order 

 Cetacea exemplifying it in the Cuvierian system — an order which 

 would be equivalent to the Mutica of the Linnaean system, save that 

 the Manatee which Linnaeus placed in the same group as the elephant 

 is associated with the whale in the Regne Animal. 



Important as was the improvement which the Mammalian system 

 of Cuvier presented on previous systems, the progress of anatomical 

 and phj'siological knowledge, mainly stimulated by the writings and 

 example of Cuvier himself, soon began to make felt the defects of his 



♦ See page 1 5, Table No. II., Clvier. 



