MR MILNE ON THE GEOLOGY OF ROXBURGHSHIRE. 4(53 



loose materials exists on the east side of it. This phenomenon, which the late 

 Sir JAMES HALL so well denominated Crag and Tail, prevails in Liddesdale as well 

 as in Teviotdale, and, therefore, on both sides of the summit-level of the country. 

 In Liddesdale, examples are afforded in the basaltic hills of Carby, and another 

 up the Tweeden Burn, of which I have forgotten the name, if it has one. In 

 Teviotdale, there are still more remarkable examples afforded by Bonchester, 

 Dunion, Peniel Heugh, and Castle Hill near Ancrum ; and also, farther north, 

 by the Eildon Hills, Bemerside Hill, Cowdenknowes Hill, and the basaltic ranges 

 near Smailholm. 



There are in this county a number of those remarkable accumulations of gra- 

 vel and sand, which have of late become objects of increasing interest, on account 

 of their resemblance to moraines of glaciers. These accumulations are sometimes 

 disposed in the form of isolated mounds, and sometimes of long ridges, which last 

 are called Kaims by the country people. The most distinct of these is at Liddell 

 Bank, between the river Liddell and the turnpike road from Castleton to Canon- 

 by. The ridge is about half a mile in length, about 200 feet wide at its base, and 

 from 50 to 60 feet in height. It forms pretty nearly a straight line, running north- 

 east by east. It is not quite parallel to the course of the river, its eastern extre- 

 mity being farther off from it than its western extremity. The ground on which 

 it has been deposited, slopes towards the river, and, of course, therefore, the ridge 

 does not form a level or horizontal line. A considerable burn, called the Mere, 

 joins the Liddell a little to the west of this gravelly ridge, flowing from the east- 

 ward ; and the ridge is situated on the high ground between the two valleys of the 

 Liddell and Mere. At its upper or eastern extremity, the height of the ridge above 

 the adjoining ground diminishes gradually, and is finally lost in the side of a pretty 

 high hill. The relative position of this hill and the ridge is such, that if a stream 

 or rush of waters had passed over the country from the north-eastward, the ridge 

 in question would have formed a ridge on the lee side of the hill. The situation and 

 direction of this ridge are indipated on the map by a blue streak.* The accom- 

 panying section is taken from one part of the Kahns, where it has been quarried, 



apparently for sand or fine gravel, a is large gravel, b is fine gravel, c is sharp sand, 



* It has been found impossible to introduce this mark into the accompanying map, on account of 

 the smallness of the scale. 



