2»« S. VII. Mar. 5. '69.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



189 



LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 5. 1859. 



No 166— CONTENTS. 



NoTBS!— Paw 



Tartessifs, by Sir G. C. Lewis - - - - - - 189 



Project of Keform in the time of Henry Vm. - - - 191 



PopiANA! — Pope at Twielcenham — Pope, Alexander - - 192 



I«st Days of diaries I. from the Exeh. Rolls, by W. H. Hart - 192 

 Dr. Ferriar's Tlieory of Apparitions - - - - - 195 



A Theological Alphabet - - - - - - 195 



Minor N'i ks : — Window-pane Literature — Literary Hoaxes — 

 " Somethinz to be said on both sides " — Bishop Barnabee — 

 Royal Rosebuds ; or Hi-torical Slcetches of Illustrious Children 

 — Specimens of Proverbial Philosophy of the Dutch — Music - 196 



Qdehtes : — 

 Who was the Father of William of "Wickham - - - 19? 

 Lost Saints of Churches and Cljapels in the Diocese of Chichester, 

 by Charles Gibbon 198 



Minor Qcifriks : — " Hundredschot " — Somersetshire Churches — 

 Clausick, Verola;: Diseases of Sheep — Dibdin's "Introduction to 

 the Classics ,"edft. 1801 — Prometheus by Call, &c. - - 198 



Minor Qcekies with Answers : — Arms of St. Thomas Becket — 

 Old Church Chants, Ambrosiau and Gregorian — Hunting the 

 Ram— Pitch-kcttled 201 



R KI'tlES ! — 



Consecration of Bishop Barlow - - - - - 201 



OakBedsteads.&c, by P.H.Fisher - - - - 203 



Replies to Minor Queries: _ Warren Hastings' Impeachment — 

 Title of Esquire — The Hundredth Regiment — Sir Hans Sloane 

 and the Montgomerys of Down, Ireland, &c. - - - 204 



Monthly Feuilleton on French Booka - - - - 205 



TARTESSTJS. 



The accounts handed down by the Greek and 

 Roman writers are unanimous in representing 

 Gadeira, or Gades, as an ancient foundation of the 

 Phoenicians of Tyre. Its peculiar position, — an 

 island or peninsula, easy of defence and conveni- 

 ent for trade, lying at the mouth of the Mediter- 

 ranean, communicating with a fertile and metal- 

 liferous region, and washed by a sea abounding in 

 fish, — marked it out as an advantageous spot for 

 a commercial station. Velleius ( i. 2.) states that 

 it was founded by the Tyrians before Utica ; 

 while the author of the Aristotelic collection of 

 marvellous reports (c. 134.) cites Phoenician his- 

 tories as declaring that Utica was founded 287 

 years before Carthage- The foundation of Gades 

 by the Tyrians is also mentioned by Diod. v. 20. ; 

 Strab. iii. 5. 5. ; Appian, Hisp. 2. ; and Scymnus, 

 V. 160. Its foundation is placed by Mela (iii. 6.), 

 and Strab. (i. 3. 3.) at the time of the siege of 

 Troy. Justin (xliv. 5.) describes Gades as having 

 been founded by the Tyrians, but as having been 

 subsequently annexed by the Carthaginians to 

 their empire. According to Movers, the Punic 

 word Gadir meant a walled enclosure or fort. 

 The Phoenicians occupied the territory from Mur- 

 gis to the Guadiana. The Bastuli were Punic, 

 according to Ptolemy (ii. 3.) : the whole Baetic 

 coast was Phoenician (Agrippa, ap Plin. N. H., iii. 

 3.). 



In early times the entire carrying trade of the 

 Mediterranean was in the hands of the Phoeni- 

 cians. It was not till about the seventh cen- 

 tury B.C. that we hear of the Greeks making 

 voyages for commercial purposes beyond their 

 own coasts. 



Herodotus tells a story, in connexion with the 

 foundation of Cyrene, of a Samian merchant 

 named Colaeus being carried by contrary winds, 

 against his inclination, from the island of Platea on 

 the coast of Africa, to Tartessus beyond the Pil- 

 lars of Hercules. This was (he says) the first 

 Greek ship which made that distant voyage, and 

 the profits obtained upon its return cargo were 

 extraordinarily great (iv. 151-3.). This anecdote 

 is referred to about ^40 b.c, 156 years before the 

 birth of Herodotus. It appears in the suspicious 

 form partly of a foundation legend, and partly of 

 a legend explanatory of a sacred offering in a 

 temple ; it is moreover difficult to understand how 

 a ship which sailed along the coast of Africa, and 

 which, according to the ancient system of naviga- 

 tion, ought to have stopped at the end of every 

 day, could be carried by contrary winds from the 

 borders of Egypt to Tartessus, near thirty-five de- 

 grees of longitude. The story just narrated was 

 told by the Therseans, who were the founders ; 

 but a different story was told by the Cyrengeana, 

 who were the colonists. 



The Phocseans of Asia Minor seem to have been 

 the first Greek navigators who penetrated into 

 the western parts of the Mediterranean. They are 

 stated by Herodotus to have sailed, not in round 

 merchant vessels, but in war penteconters, to the 

 Adriatic Gulf, Tyrrhenia (i. e. the western coast 

 of Italy), Iberia, and Tartessus. Mr. Grote con- 

 jectures that they reached Tartessus between 570 

 — 560 B.C., — a period of about seventy years after 

 the date assigned to the voyage of Colaeus. At 

 Tartessus they formed a friendship with King Ar- 

 ganthonius, who is stated to have lived 120 years, 

 and to have reigned eighty years over the Tar- 

 tessians. He offered sufficient land to the Pho- 

 caeans, if they would abandon Ionia and settle in 

 his territory; upon their refusal, he gave them 

 money to fortify their city against the Persians. 

 When the Phocaeans, besieged by Harpagus, left 

 their country, and took refuge in Corsica, King 

 Arganthonius was dead. (Herod, i. 163-5.) This 

 narrative seems to fix the intercourse of the Pho- 

 caeans with Arganthonius to about 560 — 550 b.c. ; 

 so that Arganthonius would be contemporary with 

 Pisistratus. (As to a chronological difficulty in 

 the narrative, see Grote, Hist, of Greece, vol. iv. 

 p. 272.) The great age of this king appears to be 

 alluded to in a fragment of Anacreon, cited by 

 Strab. iii. 2. 14., who is understood by Pliny, 

 H. N, vii. 49., Appian, Hisp. 63., and Lucian, 

 Macroh. 10., to assign 150 years to bis life. 

 Anacreon is said to have removed from Phocasa 

 when it was taken by Harpagus ; and, therefore, 

 the account of Herodotus accords with the men- 

 tion of Arganthonius in his poems. 



The narrative of Herodotus treats Arganthonius 

 as a native Iberian king : it assumes that the 

 neighbourhood of Tartessus is not subject to the 



