2nd s. N« 62., Mar. 7. '67.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



193 



lard and his followers. In a Brief View of Ec- 

 clesiastical History, published at Dublin about 

 thirty years since, I find him spoken of as 



" Walter Raynard, sometimes called Lollard, at first a 

 Franciscan, afterwards having embraced the doctrine of 

 the Waldenses, preached the Gospel, and was burnt at 

 Cologne in 1322. He disseminated his opinions among 

 the English." 



I put this account first as giving fair ground 

 for the inference that Lollard was a "sobriquet " 

 rather than a family name. However, in a former 

 number of " N. & Q,." (for Mar. 27, 1852), one of 

 your correspondents, " J. B. McC," in an inquiry 

 " Where Lollard was buried, and what became of 

 his bones," * quoting from Heda, mentions a 

 " Matthfeus Lollaert " therein referred to " as the 

 founder of the sect of the Lollards," and he sug- 

 gests that " the form of the name Lollaert would 

 make it more probable that Lollard was a Dutch- 

 man, which agrees very well with the account 

 that he preached in Germany." In the Diet. 

 Univ. of Paris his name is given " Lollard or Lol- 

 hard," and his followers are called " Lollardistes." 

 In a note on the " Lowlardes' Tower " in Stow, 

 reference is made to the derivation from Lolium, 

 and the occurrence of " LoUer " in Chaucer, going 

 on to say, — " while in Ziemanns ' Mittel-hach. 

 Deutsches Worterbuch,' we find Lol-bruoder, Lol- 

 liart, a lay brother." — Survey of London, W . 3 . 

 Thoms' edit., 1842. p. 138. 



In the Encycl. JBritann., art. " Lollards," it is 

 stated, after the mention of the current opinion 

 that the sect derived its name from Walter Lol- 

 lard — 



" Others think that Lollard was no surname, but 

 merely a term of reproach applied to all heretics who 

 concealed the poison of error under the appearance of 



piety Abelly says, the word Lollard signifies 



' praising God,' from the German ' loben,' to praise, and 

 ' Ilerr,' Lord ; because the Lollards employed themselves 

 in travelling about from place from place singing psalms 

 and hymns. 



"Others, much to the same purpose, derive 'Lollhard,' 

 — luUhard, lollert, lullert (as it was written by the an- 

 cient Germans) from the old German word Lallen, lollen 

 or lullen, and the termination -hard with which many of 

 the High Dutch words end. Lollen signifies ' to sing with 

 a low voice,' and therefore ' Lollard ' is a singer, or one 

 who frequently sings, and in the vulgar tongue of the 

 Germans it denotes a person who is continually praising 

 God with a song, or singing hymns to his honour. The 

 Alexians or Cellites were called ' Lollards,' because they 

 were public singers who made it their business to inter 

 those who died of the plague, and sang a dirge over them 

 in a mournful and indistinct tone as they carried them to 

 the grave. The name was afterward assumed by per- 

 sons that dishonoured it In England the fol- 

 lowers of Wickliflfe were called ' Lollards ' by way of 

 reproach, from some aflfinity there was between some of 



* The misprinting of "buried" for burned in this 

 article tends rather to obscure the sense of the writer, 

 who evidently alludes to the current belief that Lollard 

 was burned (not buried) alive at Cologne. 



their tenets, though others are of opinion that the English 

 Lollards came from Germany." 



Webster favours the derivation from " lallen — 

 lollen" to prate or sing, deriving " loll " from the 

 same source, which last idea is more strikingly 

 given by Dr. Johnson, who states under " Loll," — 



" Of this Avord the etymology is unknown : perhaps it 

 might be contemptuously derived from Lollard, a name 

 of great reproach before the Keformation, of whom one 

 tenet was that all trades not necessary to life tvere un- 

 lawful." 



Bailey, after alluding to Walter Lollard, 

 quaintly adds, " others " (derive the name) " from 

 lolium, cockle or darnel, as being tares among 

 the Lord's wheat," the origin of which is quoted 

 in Lyttleton {Hist. Eng.), who says : 



" Whence the appellation of Lollards arose is matter of 

 doubt. Perhaps the words of Gregory XI. may furnish a 

 clue that will lead us to the origin of the name. In one 

 of his bulls against Wickliff he censures the clergy for 

 suffering Lolium or darnel to spring up among the wheat, 

 and urges them to aim at the extirpation of this lolium." 



He afterwards adverts to the more reasonable 

 opinion that the WickliflStes derived the name of 

 " Lollards " from their resemblance to the sect 

 founded by Walter Lollard. The learned Dean 

 of Westminster, in his Study of Words, classes the 

 term with those of cagot, roundhead, &c., suggest- 

 ing, however, that it may have been derived from 

 Walter Lollard. The queries I would wish to 

 put are these : 



1. Was the real name of Walter Lollard, Eay- 

 nard, as given in the above extract ? 



2. When did the term arise, and are we to at- 

 tribute its application to the Wicklifiites as a 

 terra of reproach, according to the tenour of Pope 

 Gregory's bull ? 



I see that one of the publications of the Cam- 

 den Society has reference to this question. 



Henry AV. S. Taylor. 



PAINTERS ANACHRONISMS. 



(2"'^ S. iii. 65. 115.) 



The anachronisms mentioned by your corre- 

 spondents are of two kinds widely differing. To 

 mention all, or nearly all, examples of the first, 

 I mean those before a.d. 1500, would be impos- 

 sible, for all the paintings before that date were 

 necessarily one anachronism. Nothing was known 

 of antiquities or archseology, and so men painted 

 their pictures (the books of the unlearned) in 

 such a way as to bring the subject before their 

 spectators in the most lively manner then possible, 

 and so dressed the persons in the ordinary dresses 

 of the time. This kind of anachronism, so far from 

 being a fault, has been of infinite service, not only 

 in determining the dates of MSS., but in illus- 

 trating the manners and customs of various ages 



