2°d S. NO 72., Mat 16. '67.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



393 



pains to preserve during her life, has been pretty 

 rightly judged of by posterity. Charles Wylie. 

 50. Devonshire Street, Portland Place, W. 



wokkmen's terms. 

 (2"'» S. iii. 166.) 



I feel sure that in trades which can boast of any 

 antiquity (and they are numerous), many tech- 

 nical terms of interest, as being connecting links 

 between the present and the past, might be res- 

 cued from oblivion by any intelligent and prac- 

 tical man. 



The success v^hich has attended the introduction 

 of machinery as a substitute for all kinds of mere 

 handicraft, has year by year made the coinage of 

 new trade terms necessary ; and many venerable 

 phrases, in common use but two generations back, 

 are now only remembered by " old hands " when 

 they sigh over their pipes for the good old times 

 before machinery. 



The art of the printer has, perhaps, been 

 affected in this way less than most trades, for not- 

 withstanding the wonders of the modern steam 

 press, a large amount of printing is still done by 

 hand alone, and in the same manner as for cen- 

 turies past ; in the composing room, too, what a 

 slight difference would Caxton or De Worde find 

 in the modus operandi of the modern compositor, 

 however much they might mourn over his fall in 

 social rank ! As a practical successor of those 

 worthies I have made a Note of some terms still in 

 use, and claiming parentage from the educated 

 workman or ecclesiastical patron of the first En- 

 glish printing house. 



Justification. — No word is more common among 

 English printers, and in its technical application 

 it has a curious analogy to the theological meaning 

 of the same word. AH the lines in a column of 

 type have to be made by the compositor of one 

 fixed length, whatever their appearance when 

 printed may be ; and when the words in a line fall 

 naturally so, that line requires no "justification;" 

 but not fulfilling that condition the line so failing 

 has to be "justified" by the workman, who by 

 adding to or diminishing the space between each 

 word, makes the line faultless in that respect; just 

 as theologians say that a righteousness not his by 

 nature must be imputed to the sinner before he 

 can be looked upon as "justified." 



Pie. — In the preface to the English Prayer- 

 Book " Concerning the Service of the Church," 

 occurs this sentence : 



"Moreover, the hardness and number of the rules 

 called the pie was the cause that to turn the book only 

 was so hard and intricate a matter, that many times 

 there was more business to find out what should be read, 

 than to read it when it was found out." 



It is not improbable that before the Reformation 

 the word pie was vulgarly applied to anything in 

 great confusion ; but however that may have 

 been, it is certain that printers from that time to 

 this have called a mass of confused or overthrown 

 type, pie, and by an easy transition anything in 

 confusion is said by them to be in pie. 



Chapel. — This term is applied to the body of 

 workmen in a printing-office when met in con- 

 clave, and is probably derived from the fact of the 

 art being first practised in one of the chapels at- 

 tached to the ancient Abbey of Westminster. 

 The oldest workman is called the father of the 

 chapel, and presides when a chapel is called, the 

 occasions for which are too numerous to specify. 

 A workman wishing any question settled by tlae 

 chapel, sometimes gives a quoin with his X on it 

 to the father, as a promissory note that the ne- 

 cessary amount for beer during the debate shall 

 be forthcoming, as nothing is more disgusting to a 

 compositor than a " dry chapel." 



Monk ; Friar. — If a pressman, when he takes 

 a fresh supply of ink on his roller, neglects to dis- 

 tribute it evenly on the ink table, he makes what 

 is called a " monk ; " that is, the face of a certain 

 portion of the type is clogged with ink, and makes 

 a black appearance on the sheet. The reverse, 

 when a portion of the type is left unrolled, making 

 when printed a grey appearance, is called a 

 " friar." 



These terms evidently carry us back to the 

 clerical connexions of our first printers, several 

 others being referable to Latin or German roots ; 

 and should these instances be thought worth any 

 space in the interesting columns of " N. & Q.," I 

 shall be happy to supply two or three more. 



Em Quad. 



OCCASIONAIi FORMS OF PRAYER. 



(!'' S. passim ; 2"^ S. i. 247.) 



It is unnecessary to mention the Forms of 

 Elizabeth's reign, as a descriptive list of thetn, 

 forty-four in number, ranging from 1560 to 1601, 

 is given by the Rev. W. K. Clay, in Liturgical 

 Services of Q. Eliz., Parker Soc, 1847. A per- 

 fect copy of No. xvi. in that list, however, was 

 sold by Messrs. Sotheby, on Friday, April 3. 1 

 transcribe the item from their Catalogue, as it is 

 worth preserving in " N & Q. : " 



"570. Order for Prayer and Thankes- giving (neces- 

 sary to be used in these dangerous Times) for the Safetie 

 and Preservation of Her Majesty and this Realme, black 

 letter. Extremely rare if not Unique. 4to. Deputies of 

 C. Barker, n. d. (1580.) 



" *»* The Editor of the Occasional Forms, published 

 by the Parker Society, did not discover a perfect copy, 

 lie supposed that the whole Form consisted only of the 

 first Prayer, and that it was an independent publication, 

 commencing with A. iii. ' the fly-leaf and title being gone.^ 



