356 Cojlitig ef Irott.-^Flltrntkn ftji AfcenU-^Prefei'vatkn of Buttef. 



previoufly foaken in water till jt is fwollcn and foft) in French brandy or rum, as will make 

 two ounces by nieafure of (Irong g'ue, and add two fmall bits of gum galbanum or ammo- 

 niacum, which mud be rubbed or ground till they are diflblved } then mix the whole with 

 a fuflicient heat 5 keep it in a phial Uopt, and when it is to be ufed fet it in hot water. 



A remarkable inftance occurred to my knowledge^of an individual fa£t which might Iiave 

 been of the utmoft ufe to fociety, but which, owing to the ftate of knowledge and government 

 in Turkey, was wholly loft to the world. An Ar-tbian at Conftantinople had difcovered the 

 fecret of caftiog iron, which, when it came out of the mould, was as malleable as hammered 

 iron. Some of his fabrication M'as accidentally fhewn to Mr. de GafFron, the Pruffian charge 

 d'affaires, and Mr. Franzaroli (men of rnineralogical fclence), who were ftruck with the 

 fa£t, and immediately inftituted an enquiry for its author. This man, whofe'art in Chrif- 

 tendom would have infured him a fplendid fortune, had died poor and unknown, and his 

 iccret had periflied with him ! His utenfils were found, and feveral pieces of his cafting, 

 all perfe£tly malleable. Mr. Franzaroli analyfed them, and found that there was no ad- 

 mixture of any other metal. Mr. de Gaffron has fince been made fuperintcndant of the iron 

 manufa(n:ory at Spandai*, where he has in vain attempted to difcover the procefs of the 

 Arabian. 



I have feen pra£l:ifed a method of filtering water by afcenfion, which is much fuperlor to 

 our filtering ftones or other methods by defcent, in which in time particles of the ftone or 

 the finer fand make a paflage along with the water. 



They make two wells from five to ten feet, or any depth, at a fmall diftance, which have 

 a communication at bottom. The feparation muft be of clay well beaten, or of other fub- 

 ftances impervious to water. The two wells are then filled with fand and gravel. The 

 opening of that into which the water to be filtered is to run, muft be fomewhat higher than 

 that into which the water is to afcend; and this muft not have fand quite up to its brim, 

 that there may be room for the filtered water, or it may, by a fpout, run into a veflel 

 placed for that purpofe. The greater the difference is between the height of the two wells, 

 the fafter the water will filter ; but the Icfs it is the better, provided a fufficient quantity 

 of water be fupplied by it. 



This may be pra£lifed in a cafk, tub, jar, or other vefFel. The water may be conveyed 

 tc the bottom by a pipe, the lower end having a fpunge in it, or the pipe may be filled with 

 coarfe fand. 



It is evident that all fuch particles, which by their gravity are carried down by filtration 

 by defcent, will not rife with the water in filtration by afcenfion. This might be pradifed 

 on board (hips at little expence. 



The butter which is moftly ufed in Conftantinople comes from the Crim and the Kubnn. 

 They do not faU it, but melt it in large copper pans over a very flow fire, and fcum off what 

 rifes; it will then preferve fweet a long time if the butter was frefli when it was melted. 

 We preferve butter moftly by falting. I have had butter which, when frefli, was -melted and 

 fcummed in the Tartan manner, and then falted in our manner, which kept two years 



good 



