1835.] Scientific Intelligence. 239 



observed. Rennell says, rightly, in his so little used but excellent 

 work Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean, 1832, 

 p. 25, that inland seas have a higher temperature than the free ocean 

 under similar circumstances. Captain Gautier, to whom, along with 

 Smyth, we are indebted for the excellent examination of the JMedi- 

 terranean, found on the 3d of August 1819, and the 24th of June 

 1820, the temperature of the surface of that sea, between lat. 38« 46' 

 and39» 12' to be between 84°-2 and 85o-l, that is 5°-4 higher than 

 the mean temperature of the West Indian Ocean,* and only i^'S 

 lower than that of the sea near the equator, as indicated by accurate 

 thermometers, t 



It will be remarked in my above observations, how powerfully the 

 great heat of the air during this summer, influenced the summer 

 temperature of the Baltic. 



I found in the open sea in the Baltic during a considerable storm 

 (not in a calm) the temperature 7l"'9(), and near Swinemunde as high 

 as 73°'76. Rennell, in his atlas on currents, gives us the August and 

 September temperature of the Mediterranean, between the coasts of 

 Oran, Grenada, andMurcia 71°'6, and 74°*84, as the usual maximum 

 of a year. The usual temperature of the Baltic in free and deep sea, 

 is in August 59^ to 63"'5 (lO^'-S lower than in August 1834), while 

 in the Sound of Copenhagen, it amounts to 7l°*6 or 74»'66 and in the 

 Catlega (under the influence of the Atlantic) it scarcely rises to 

 61"*16.:J At Dantzic the mean temperature of the whole summer 

 is 62^*42, at Konigsberg 60°*42, as is determined by 18 to 21 year's 

 accurate observations. At Dantzic, I tind the mean temperature of 

 the air in the month of August, during the last 6 years 62^*06. If 

 this is also, as is very probable, the average maximum temperature of 

 the Baltic, that is the temperature of the surface in the end of August, 

 which gives the maximum of the year, we recognise in these numbers 

 the influence of an inland sea. While the winter temperature of the 

 Baltic sinks to between 35"*06 and 36^*5, the mean temperature of 

 the same sea between 54 and 544 N* ^' i^ "^^ under 48°-2. The 

 acute Kamtz also finds for the Atlantic ocean, in lat. 54'^', by calcula- 

 tion 48''*92, by actual observation 50*^-90. In the Atlantic ocean, the 

 difference between the mean annual temperature, and the August 

 temperature (in the north temperate zone,) is somewhat more than 

 5°-4. § In the Baltic, this difference appears to be 62^-06 — 48"-56= 

 13***5. In the Mediterranean, Rennell gives for the south coast of 

 Spain 42-"30 and 43*^2 for the end of August and the beginning of 

 September. This is again l4o*4 higher than the mean temperature 

 of the sea in the same latitude. For the winter temperature of the 

 air at Naples in lat 40" 51' is 50o*4, and the average of the whole 

 year is 61 -"84; and Palermo in latitude 38« 6' has a winter tem- 

 peiature of 54°-34, and a mean annual temperature of 63u-32. 



The inland seas have in summer a higher, and in winter a lower 

 surface temperature than the ocean, and in higher latitudes, as for 

 instance, in the Baltic, which freezes far from its shores, the sinking 

 of the winter temperature increases. 



* Relat. Hist. § iii. chap 29, p. 518. 



t Sxir la bande d'eau a plus chaade. 1. c. chap. 28, p. 498, 



X Berghaus, Annal iv. 142. 



$ Kantz. Lehrbuch der Meteorolo^e ii. 115, 118. 



