Scientific Reviemt* 10fff 



simply the Kara-dagh, the Black Mountains of the Turks, a pretty 

 high ridge, stretching S. E. from the lower course of the Zab to the 

 Duallah, leaving between it and the Hamrun hills an upland level. 

 Further, the Carma of Tacitus is the modern Kourma, which rises 

 in Mount Sambylus or the Karad-sjogh; and which, after intersect- 

 ing the intermediate plains, pierces the Hamrun ridge, and enters 

 the Tigris nearly opposite Tecrit ; and which corresponds to the 

 modern Odorneh, a large stream 60 yards wide at Toos-Kourmaty, 

 and which is the same with the Tornado of Pliny, and the Tome 

 of Heraclius, whatever Mr. Williams may have said to the con- 

 trary, when he charges it on Pliny as one of his barbarous ap- 

 ?ellations for the Royal River. Now, as we have Carma and 

 Lourma — Toos Kourmaty, or Cormatou as Ali of Yesd has it — and 

 as we have the Karadagh range, where Tacitus places the Samby- 

 lus, — there can be no reasonable doubt of the existence of the Car- 

 maei or Garmaei inhabiting its banks, and of the Sambatae of Pto- 

 lemy inhabiting the Sambylus. It may be remarked, that it is 

 over this very range that Mr. Williams conducts Xenophon and 

 liis immortal band to the Centrites or Caprus. 



We have further and more cogent proof still, that the Garamsei 

 of Pliny were not a non-existent people, as Mr. Williams imagines. 

 Agathias Scholasticus denominates the district of the Garamsei 

 Germa. We are told by Dionysius of Telinara, that in the 155th 

 year of the Hejira, the Arabs, impelkd by a drought which pre- 

 vailed in Mesopotamia, made an irruption into the districts of 

 Mauzel, Beth-Garme or Bajarma, Heza, JMarga, Canisapor, 

 Risin, Kok or Coehe, and Salakh or Salacha. Here we have the 

 district of the Garamsei called in the Syriac Beth-Garme, or the 

 Mansion of Garme from the Hebrew Beth. We find farther, that 

 this very distinct contains the cities of Dakuka, Shahar, Kadta, 

 Buaziche, and other cities enumerated by Elias-Constautinus, the 

 Nestorian Bishop. This district was the see of a Nestorian pre- 

 late, and had one Constantine for its bishop in the year 9(59. We 

 find that, in the 156th year of the Hejira, Paul, bishop of Tekril, 

 and Zaccheeus, bishop of Charma, died. Here we have Charma 

 for Beth Garme or Bajarma. The illustrious D'Anville recognizes 

 the Garamsei of Ptolemy under the name Garme, and that its prin- 

 cipal city was Kark, on the eastern bank of the Tigris, a little 

 above Samara or Sarramanrai, the capital of the Khalif al Molassem. 

 Dakuka in Beth-Garme is recognized in the modern Dakook or 

 Tank, placed by Rennel on the north-west branch of the Kourma 

 river, called Nahr Tank or the Sari Bolar. This place corresponds 

 to the Toouc of Sherefeddin. Rennel recognizes the Garamaei of 

 Ptolemy in his large map. No. 3. appended to his dissertation on 

 the geography of Xenophon's retreat, and places the Sambatae to 

 the east of the Karadgy-Dagh ; to the west of the Zagros ; to the 

 south of the district of Shelrzour ; and to the north of Appolloni- 

 atis, in perfect agreement with Ptolemy. After such an induction 

 of proof to vindicate the text of Ptolemy from the unauthorized. 



