104 Scientific Reviews. 



ther It was above of below Sittace. Here again, in opposition to 

 the opinions of De Lisle, D'Anville, Vincent, RenneLl, and Kin- 

 neir, he maintains that Opis lay far down the Tigris, to the south- 

 east of Jarjaryah, and fixes its site a little above the modern Koote, 

 and above the point where the Tigris sends off the Shat-ul-Hie to 

 the Euphrates, and the commencement of the Mesene of the an- 

 cients, and the Misan of the Arabian geographers. 



In contradiction to the common opinion, which makes the point 

 of retreat commence at Sittace, he commences at Opis, which, in 

 his opinion, is the south-east point of the march of the ten thou- 

 sand. This is a material point, as it influences all the other 

 points northward up the Tigris, and consequently the whole 

 subsequent line of retreat to the Araxes. He makes the Greeks 

 to march up from Opis on the Physcus, which he thinks may 

 have corresponded to the most northern channel of the Gyndes 

 or Hud, to the Duallah, which he considers to be the Zates of 

 Xenophon, and not the Zab or Zabatus, which latter he considers 

 to be a false reading. From the Duallah he conducts them to the 

 Hamrun Hills, which he endeavours to identify with the Cardu- 

 chian mountains, at the point where the former are intersected by 

 the Tigris, Avhich points he identifies with the Fatke of Niebuhr. 

 Compelled to trace their steps to Dura or Imaum Dor, he conducts 

 them north-east, over the Hamrun ridge, to Altun Kupri, or the 

 Golden Bridge, over the Little Zab, which he considers to be the 

 Centrites of the Anabasis. From thence he conducts them to the 

 southern branch of the Zab, which he identifies with the Teleboas, 

 from thence to the Ha-Kiaree or main branch of the Zab, which, 

 in his opinion, is the Euphrates of Xenophon ! From thence again 

 to the Koshab, or river of Van, which he identifies with the Phasis. 

 From this point he conducts them across the great dividing ridge 

 that separates the district of Van on the east from that of Khoy. 

 From thence again he makes them to march north-east, turning 

 the source of the Southern Euphrates on the road from Tauris to 

 Dilibaba. From thence he leads them to the Harpasus, which, 

 instead of being the Arpa-Shai of Tournefort, which joins the Ar- 

 axes at Hajy-Bairamlee, he makes to be the Araxes itself, by tak- 

 ing away the aspirated h, and the letter p, and thus converting the 

 Harpasus into the Arasiis^ or Araxes. No matter though all the 

 ancients and moderns never wrote the name so, it answers his pur- 

 pose, and that is quite suflicient for him. The Gymnias, to which 

 they next marched, through the territories of the Scythini, he iden- 

 tifies with the modern Ispira, on the river of Byaboot. From 

 thence the army is made to march north-west to Trebisond. From 

 thence the coast to the Bosphorus was so well known to the Greeks, 

 as to create no geographical difficulties, either to Xenophon or his 

 commentators. 



The places and rivers identified in the retreat, may be summed 

 up in the following table : — 



