June 19. 1852.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



595 



The two following works are doubtless familiar 

 to your correspondent, viz. : Crumbs of Grace for 

 ^c, and Hooks and Eyes to Sfc. I think the 

 former is the original title to The Saint's Rest; 

 but as to the latter, I am not able to say whether 

 it has been issued under any new name or not. 



M. W. B. 



Frehord (Vol. v., pp. 440. 548.). — In some, if 

 not in all, of the manors in this vicinity in which 

 this right exists, the quantity of ground claimed 

 as frebord is thirty feet in width from the set of 

 the hedge. Leicestbiensis. 



Devil (Vol. v., p. 508.). — If A(oj3oAos was used 

 as an equivalent for Adversarius, I should say 

 that "the rendering wotdd be accurate" in no 

 slight degree ; especially when understood in the 

 juridical sense. But the " adversarius in judicio" 

 IS the character of the Hebrew Satan in Job, c. i. 

 and ii., and Zechariah, c. iii. ; and the same ap- 

 pears clearly in Revelations, c. 12. : 



" The accuser of our brethren is cast down, which 

 accused them before our God day and night," 



The term Sid$o\os adds, to that of Kar-nyopos, the 

 idea of falsehood and injustice, essential to the 

 accuser of the Saints, but not expressed in the 

 latter work. Why the word should mean "a 

 supernatural agent of evil," I cannot form the 

 slightest idea. The name of a thing does not 

 express all which that thing is ! Physician does 

 not mean a natural agent of good. As little can 

 I understand how the correctness of a derivation 

 can form " a case of ecclesiastical usage." 



With what words, manifestly and analogically 

 Greek, but yet clearly derived in reality from the 

 vague sources termed Oriental, nay even from 

 Hebrew, are " the Septuagint and Greek Testa- 

 ment replete ? " I say " clearly," because one 

 paradoxical conjecture cannot obtain support from 

 others. 



I am surprised that Mr. Littledale should be 

 struck by the " similarity " of the gipsy word 

 Debel, " God," " and our word devil," after him- 

 self admitting that our word is diabolos, and con- 

 fining his attack to that " first link in the chain." 



I will add a very few words on the other point, 

 though not relevant. What is holy at one time, 

 becomes the direct contrary in subsequent times 

 and circumstances. Homer's Minerva ascended to 

 Leaven fieTo, Zai,uovas &K\ovs, among the other 

 da;mons. But that word in modern Europe means 

 a devil of hell. Deva and Devi are (I believe) 

 god and goddess in Sanskrit. Div, in Persian 

 (Me. L. says), is a wizard or da;mon. I have no 

 Zend Avesta at hand : but we require to know 

 "whether Div had a decidedly evil and Ahrimanian 

 sense, in the language of the dualistic Pagan ages ; 

 or only in Ferdoosi and the like. If afriti is 

 *' blessed" in Zend, and "a devil" in Arabic, I 

 again ask whether the allusion be to the literary 



remains of Arabic polytheism, or to Islam ? I sus- 

 pect the latter ; and so, it would come to nothing. 



A.N. 



I think Mr. Littledale's difficulty about the 

 same Hebrew word's representing both Aul6o\os 

 and Adversarius is, on the contrary, rather a con- 

 firmation of the old derivation. Had he forgotten 

 that " the Adversary " is often technically used 

 for the Devil f Surely there can be no more doubt 

 that Devil comes from Diavolo, and that from 

 Aia§o\os, than that journal comes from giomo, and 

 that from diurnus. C 



Mummy Wheat (Vol. v., p. 538.). — Having a few 

 grains of mummy wheat in my possession, I send 

 you the following information concerning it, with 

 a portion thereof as sample. About three y^ars 

 ago, when in New York, I purchased, at a sale of 

 the Hon. Judge Furman's efiects, a small parcel 

 which was stated in his own writing to be 

 "Egyptian wheat such as is mentioned in Scrip- 

 ture, and taken out of a mummy case." 



I planted a few of the grains in a flower-pot» 

 and they came up in an apparently very healthy 

 and flourishing manner, with an appearance similar 

 to that represented in Scriptural illustrations a5 

 Egyptian corn. But after attaining a height of 

 about two inches, I noticed that it began to grow 

 sickly, and in a short time afterwards died away. 

 Upon examining the mould I found some of the 

 grains still there ; but they looked as though some 

 very minute insect had eaten away the entire 

 heart, leaving the shell only. It seemed to me 

 that such insect must have been within, and not 

 entered the grain from without. 



Lately I have again tried in my garden a few of 

 the grains I had reserved from the original stock. 

 These, however, have not come up at all; and I 

 find, on uprooting them, that the same sort of 

 decay had taken place as occurred in New York. 

 I am not able to forward you any of the husks, for 

 they are now rotted : but I thought that some of 

 your readers and your last correspondent might 

 feel interested in knowing other attempts had also 

 been made to rear mummy wheat. Si 



Meadow Cottage, Ealing, 



[We liave placed the grains forwarded by our Cor- 

 respondent in the hands of a skilful horticulturist; aud 

 will publish the result. — Ed.] 



Nacar (Vol. v., p. 536.). — This word is not, I 

 believe, a name appropriated to any one particular 

 shell, but is the term used for the pearl-like sub- 

 stance which, in greater or smaller quantities, 

 forms the lining of many shells. This substance, 

 frequently called mother-of-pearl, exhibits in some 

 species a beautiful play of colours, said to be due 

 to a particular arrangement of the particles. The 

 words naker and nacreous — with nacar Spanish, 

 nacchera Italian, and nacre French — are given 



