150 Dr Craigie's Observations on the 



miparous ((TKunKcroKu). Of the viviparous, he adduces as exam- 

 ples, man, the horse, the sea-cow (<?«<'«>]), and those covered by 

 hair ; and among marine animals, the cetaceous, as the dol- 

 phin and the cartilaginous fishes (o-i>^etx>^), and of these he af- 

 terwards states that some are oviparous. 



In some interesting observations in the beginning of the se- 

 cond book, on the common characters of animals, and on those 

 proper to certain tribes and genera, he distinguishes accurately 

 the five toes of the elephant ; the great strength, mobility, and 

 flexibility of the trunk ; the peculiar power of stooping on the 

 hind legs ; and the small quantity of shag on his hide. He dis- 

 tinguishes also the Bactrian from the Arabian camel, by the two 

 protuberances, and mentions the single-hoofed hogs of Illyria 

 and Paeonia, a peculiarity which was afterwards observed by 

 Linnaeus in those of Sweden. The lower extremities of the 

 human subject, he observes, are distinguished by the disposi- 

 tion of the muscles, which render the hips, thighs and legs 

 much more fleshy in comparison than in quadrupeds ; and in 

 man alone, he remarks, is the foot muscular. In speaking of 

 the teeth, he observed, that horned animals are void of incisors 

 in the upper jaw, a character connected with the manner of life 

 and the kind of food. He corrected the erroneous statements 

 of Polybus, Syennesis, and Diogenes, regarding the bloodves- 

 sels, which they asserted to proceed from the head and brain, 

 and of others who contended they issued from the liver, but 

 which he demonstrated arose from the heart. His description 

 of this organ contains a singular mixture of truth and error. 

 While he accurately distinguishes the site and position of the 

 human heart from that of quadrupeds, as inclined obliquely to 

 the left side of the chest, he represents it to contain three cham- 

 bers {}x,ii |Wev Tgs<5 KtuXixg), a large one on the right connected 

 with the large vein (»i ^.ivxXn <pM/ig), the vena cava, a small one on 

 the left, and one of middle size in the middle, connected with the 

 aorta ; while he states also, that these chambers are pervious to- 

 wards the lung, by specifying canals Qt utto rvig -xx^iuq tto^u) 

 proceeding from the heart to the lung, which accompany the 

 ramifications of the wind-pipe {«.ern^ict), he shews that he knew 

 the pulmonary artery, and perhaps the pulmonary veins. It 

 is further remarkable, that though he repeatedly represents 

 the heart as the origin of the bloodvessels, as full of blood, and 



