153 Br Craigie's Observations on the 



of divisibility in the long direction identifies them with ten- 

 dons ; and the assertion, that no part destitute of nerves has 

 sensation, makes them equivalent to the nervous chords of the 

 modern anatomist. The opinion of Sprengel, that he was the 

 first to recognise this remarkable property in these chords I 

 would willingly adopt, were I not satisfied that he had not form- 

 ed any definite idea on these functions. 



He distinguishes the air-holder or windpipe (ct^m^ix) as the 

 tube for conveying air to the lungs, and the organ of voice, re- 

 marks its position anterior to the oesophagus, and refutes the er- 

 ror of those who assert that it receives drink, which causes cougt 

 and suffocation, and because he observes there is no passage 

 from the lung to the stomach, as there is by the oesophagus. 

 To obviate this inconvenience, he remarks, nature has placed 

 in its upper extremity a small lingual appendage (s&'s yvo-o-ig), 

 the epiglottis, and not in all viviparous animals, but only in 

 those which breathe by lungs. His account of the latter is 

 more physiological than anatomical ; and the treatise on Respi- 

 ration, in which more is said, appears to be the factitious pro- 

 duct of a later age. 



The limitrophic, or alimentary organs, are the parts with 

 which Aristotle appears to be most familiar. The diaphragm 

 or midriff he* distinguishes by the names hx^aft-x and vTro^uf^x^ as 

 the great partition between the heart and lungs or noble or- 

 gans, from the abdominal viscera (rat a-TcXetyx'^oe:) or ignoble. With 

 the position of the liver and spleen, and the whole alimentary 

 canal, he shews intimate acquaintance. He recognizes the pe- 

 culiarities of the stomach in different tribes of animals, and 

 distinguishes by name the several parts of the quadruple sto- 

 mach of the ruminating animals in the following order : icoiXix, 

 penula, ingluvies, the paunch ; Kiic^v(pxXog, reticulum, the kings- 

 hood ; Ix^vo^y omasum, the manyplies ; kxi ^wa-r^ov, abomasum, 

 the red. He distinguishes between the membranous stomachs 

 of the carnivorous animals and birds, and the muscular ones of 

 the granivorous. He remarks the numerous appendages or caca 

 connected with the duodenum of fishes, and he even traces the 

 relation between the teeth and the several forms of stomach ; and 

 the length or brevity, the simplicity or complexity, and the direct 

 or circuitous course of the intestinal tube, and the kind of food 



