20 PINACEAE. 



Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 2-6 m. in 

 diameter; bark brown, splitting into small plates; leaves 8-10 cm. long; seed 

 wings less than twice as long as broad. 



In the mountains at 400-1000 m. elevation, Clackamas County, Oregon, 

 and southward to Lower California. First found by Douglas in the mountains 

 near the present site of Roseburg, Oregon. 



Pinus contorta Dougl. Lodgepole Pine. Small tree, 10-20 m. tall, the 

 dark bark usually deeply checked; leaves 4-8 cm. long, dark green: cones 

 small, ovoid, 4-5 cm. long; scales thickened at the apex, each armed with a stout 

 point. 



Common in sterile gravelly soil. It also occurs occasionally in peat bogs. 

 In the mountains it often forms dense pure growths of small trees whence the 

 name "lodgepole." The tree ranges from Alaska to the Black Hills, Colorado 

 and California. Douglas's original specimens came from near the mouth of 

 the Columbia River. 



Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone Pine. Small pyramidal tree, 5-10, 

 rarely 20-25 m. high; bark thin, pale brown, scaly on the old trunk; leaves 

 pale, 816 cm. long; cones pale, narrowly ovate, unsymmetrical, reflexed, 712 

 cm. long, the scales on the outer side much thickened, each armed with a spine. 



Lane County, Oregon, and south to southern California, in the mountains 

 at 300-2000 m. elevation. The cones usually in whorls persist for many years 

 and give the trees a very characteristic appearance. 



Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Yellow or Bull Pine. Large tree, 30-80 m. tall, 

 1-4 m. in diameter, the reddish bark thick and deeply furrowed; leaves in 

 fascicles of three, 1525 cm. long, minutely serrulate; staminate aments 

 cylindric, somewhat flexuous, 4-6 cm. long, crowded at the base of young 

 shoots; pistillate aments 1-6, greenish or purplish, borne near the apex of the 

 shoots of the season; cones brown, ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick, fre- 

 quently in clusters of 3-5; scales much thickened near the apex, each bearing 

 a stout sharp point. 



Gravelly prairies, Pierce County, Washington, and southward. Abundant 

 in the interior but rare along the coast. The timber of this tree is quite differ- 

 ent from the true yellow pine of the interior. The coast tree has been consider- 

 ed a distinct species, P. benthamiana "Oregon Committee." 



29. ABIES. FIR. 



Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spread- 

 ing so as to appear 2-ranked but in reality spirally arranged, 

 commonly quite persistent in drying; staminate aments axillary; 

 ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules two on the base of 

 each scale, reflexed; scale shorter than or exceeding the thin 

 papery bract; cones erect, subcylindrical or ovoid, their orbicular 

 or broader scales deciduous from the persistent axis. 



Cones with conspicuous exserted reflexed bracts. A. nobilis. 



Cones with the bracts concealed. 



Cross section of leaf showing the two resin ducts surrounded 



by green tissue. A. lasiocarpa. 



Cross section of leaf showing the resin ducts close to the 



lower surface. 



Cones purple, large; bracts long attenuate at apex. A. amabilis. 



Cones usually green, medium sized; bracts not attenuate 

 at apex. 



