Northern and Central Turkey, 55 



the hills about Vrana, those of Egri-Palanka, the Orbelus, the 

 hills of Radomir and Kostendil, especially the Koniavo. We 

 found that the name of Egri-sudagh, for the hills of Egri-Pa- 

 lanka, was as much unknown there, as that of Argentaro or 

 Szrebernicza for the chain near Ipek. 



7. In southern Servia, to the north of the preceding group, 

 are the groups of the Kopannegh, or Kopannik, and the Plocsa 

 Hills ; they form a prominent feature between the Ibar, the 

 Toplitza and the Rachina. The hills belonging to them seem 

 to run N.N.W. and S.S.E., and the greatest absolute height they 

 attain is from 4000 to 5000 feet. To the east of these hills, 

 between the great plain of Kruschevacz and the large valley of 

 the Eastern Morava, is situated the Male-Jastrebicza-Planina, 

 a wooded chain of considerable elevation, although lower than 

 the last mentioned. 



All the vast forests of both chains are composed almost en- 

 tirely, as in Servia, of two species of oak, Quercus Robur and 

 Q. pedunculata ; but in the Kopannegh, fir-trees occupy the 

 highest western part. In the high meadows are found the 

 Gentiana kitea, Pedicularis, Alchemilla viilgaris, &c., and 

 higher up, in the bare rocky parts, the Arbutus Uva-Ursi, Gen- 

 tiana acaulis. Crocus, Saxifraga diaper sioides, &c., as on the 

 Ipek chain. We may regard the Temnitscha-Planina, between 

 the Morava and Kalenska-Rieka, as a subordinate part of the 

 Jastrebicza. It is, however, much lower, and diminishes in 

 height towards the north, extending further north than Tago- 

 din. 



8. Servia contains another pretty high group of hills around 

 Szokol, on the Drina ; which, along with those of the neighbour- 

 ing Bosnia, probably attain an elevation of 3000 feet, and contain 

 many beautiful pasturages. Another lower chain forms the high 

 land of Middle Servia, running N. and S. At its commencement 

 it is nearly covered by the tertiary and alluvial deposits, and 

 makes its appearance at the Avala Hill, in the Kosinai Hills, the 

 Kleschnavicza Hills, in those west of Schabari ; and, finally, it 

 forms a pretty large group, called the Hills of Rudnik (Rudnik- 

 planina), between Kragojevacz, Rudnik, and Brusnitza. The 

 last interesting group is the central nucleus of Servia, and a most 

 important military position, owing to its forests and its central si- 



