Northern and Central Turkey. 51 



valley or glen ; Su or Sou (Servish, Voda, Rieka), a river, a 

 torrent ; Issor, a source ; Bunar, a fountain or well ; Keupri, a 

 bridge (sometimes written Kopri) ; Derbend (sometimes wrong- 

 ly written Derwend), a pass ; Kapu, a door ; Klissura (Servish), 

 a pass ; Demirkapu, an iron door ; EsJci, old ; Jeni (Servish, 

 Novo), new ; Beyaz (Servish, Bjelo), white ; 'Kara, (Servish, 

 Cserno or Tscherno), black; Tuzlu (Servish, Slan), saltish; 

 Egri or Eyri, bent; Potok, a small rivulet ; Schuma, a forest; 

 Mik (Wallachian), small ; Mare (Wallachian), great. These 

 words on maps have a meaning in the original language, but 

 when translated this is not the case. 



It is also foolish to indicate the inns by their names, as these 

 change with the proprietor for the time being; thus we have 

 Ibrahim han> Marecastino han, &c., Bimek tashi han, near 

 Uubnicza, so named because there is before the inn a stone to 

 assist travellers in getting on horseback. 



I think I have given hints sufficient to induce the geographer 

 to travel over Turkey, and to make astronomical as well as geo- 

 graphical observations. 



The Russian government is perhaps the only one which has 

 made any attempts of this kind ; but the results are still unpub- 

 lished. I do not know if the Austrian government is in posses- 

 sion of many accurate observations, excepting some parts on the 

 boundaries of that empire. 



The principal chains of mountains in Northern and Central 

 Turkey may be enumerated in the following order : 



1. The Tschardagh (Skordus of the ancients), a high and 

 extensive chain running about north-east and south-west from the 

 bold conical hill named Liubeten, west of Kacsanik or Katscha- 

 nik, to Kalkandel (wrongly written Kalkandere on the maps), 

 the Drinas, and the neighbourhood of Alessio or Scutari. It 

 forms the western part of the central chain, and, when seen to- 

 wards the end of June, from the tertiary plains of Albania, or 

 the white Drina, presented the appearance of a formidable al- 

 pine range, having occasionallv pointed summits, and intersper- 

 sed with small fields or patches of snow, which remain even dur- 

 ing the summer. Under the bare and pointed summits are ex- 

 tensive woods and pastures. 



The Dryas octopeta2a, Silene acaulis, Narcissus poeticus, 



